Chapter 1 Moral Reasoning in Bioethics

Question 1

Morality

Answer 1

Beliefs regarding morally right and wrong actions and morally good and bad persons or character

Question 2

Ethics

Answer 2

the study of morality using tools and methods of philosophy

Question 3

Descriptive Ethics

Answer 3

The study of morality using the methodology of science.

Question 4

Normative Ethics

Answer 4

The search for, and justification of, moral standards, or norms.

Question 5

Metaethics

Answer 5

The study of the meaning and justification of basic moral beliefs.

Question 6

Applied Ethics

Answer 6

The use of moral norms and concepts to resolve practical moral issues.

Question 7

Bioethics

Answer 7

Applied ethics focused on health care, medical science, and medical technology.

Question 8

Autonomy

Answer 8

a person’s rational capacity for self-governance or self-determination - the ability to direct one’s own lief and choose for oneself.

Question 9

Paternalism

Answer 9

The overriding of a person’s action or decision-making for his own good.

Question 10

Non-maleficence

Answer 10

The moral principle that says we should not cause unnecessary injury or harm to others.

Question 11

Beneficence

Answer 11

we should actively promote the well-being of others and prevent or remove harm to them

Question 12

Utility

Answer 12

we should produce the most favorable balance of good over bad (or benefit over harm) for all concerned

Question 13

Justice

Answer 13

refers to people getting what is fair or what is their due

Question 14

Retributive justice

Answer 14

concerns the fair meting out of punishment for wrongdoing

Question 15

Distributive justice

Answer 15

concerns the fair distribution of society’s advantage and disadvantage

Question 16

Moral objectivisim

Answer 16

the view that there are moral norms or principles that are valid or true for everyone

Question 17

Moral absolutism

Answer 17

The belief that objective moral principles allow no exceptions or must be applied the same way in all cases and cultures

Question 18

Ethical relativism

Answer 18

the view that moral standards are not objective but are relative to what individuals or cultures believe

Question 19

Subjective relativism

Answer 19

the view that right actions are those sanctioned by a person

Question 20

Cultural relativism

Answer 20

The view that right actions are those sanctioned by one’s culture

Question 21

Divine Command Theory

Answer 21

The view that right actions are those commanded by God and wrong actions are those forbidden by God

Question 22

Deductive Arguments

Answer 22

An argument intended to give logically conclusive support to its conclusion

Question 23

Inductive Arguments

Answer 23

An argument intended to give probable support to its conclusion

Question 24

Moral Argument

Answer 24

An argument whose conclusion is a moral statement

Question 25

Evidence

Answer 25

Something that makes a statement more likely to be true

Question 26

Confirmation Bias

Answer 26

The tendency to look for and recognize only information that conforms our existing view

Question 27

Motivated Reasoning

Answer 27

Reasoning for the purpose of supporting a predetermined conclusion, not to uncover the truth

Question 28

Availability Error

Answer 28

Relying on evidence not because it’s trustworthy bu because it’s memorable or striking

Question 29

Dunning-Kruger effect

Answer 29

The phenomenon of being ignorant of how ignorant we are