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DAT Biology > Chapter 1: Molecules and Fundamentals of Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Molecules and Fundamentals of Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Intramolecular Forces

A

Hold atoms together within a molecule

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2
Q

Intermolecular Forces

A

Forces between molecules; Affect physical properties

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3
Q

Monosaccharide

A

CH2O

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4
Q

Ribose

A

5 C monosaccharide

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5
Q

Fructose

A

6 C monosaccharide

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6
Q

Glucose

A

6 C monosaccharide

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7
Q

Glucose and Fructose are ______

A

Isomers

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8
Q

Disaccharides are held together by _____ bonds resulting from ____ reactions

A

Glycosidic; dehydration(condensation)

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9
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose disaccharide

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10
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose disaccharide

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11
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose disaccharide

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12
Q

Starch

A

Energy storage for plants

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13
Q

Starch is an ____ bonded polysaccharide

A

Alpha

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14
Q

Amylose

A

Linear starch

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15
Q

Amylopectin

A

Branched starch

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16
Q

Glycogen

A

Energy storage for animals

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17
Q

Glycogen is an ___ bonded polysaccharide much ___ branched than starch

A

Alpha; More

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18
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural component of plant cell walls

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19
Q

Cellulose is a ___ bonded polysaccharide

A

Beta

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20
Q

Chitin

A

Structural component of fungi cell walls

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21
Q

Chitin is a ___ bonded polysaccharide with the element ___ added to each monomer

A

Beta; Nitrogen

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22
Q

Proteins

A

CHON

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23
Q

Amino Acid Structure

A

Amino, Hydrogen, Carboxyl, R-group

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24
Q

Polypeptides are polymers of ___ joined by ___ bonds through ___ reactions; ___ reactions break these bonds

A

Amino acids; Peptide; Dehydration; Hydrolysis

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25
Q

N-terminus (amino terminus)

A

Side of polypeptide that ends with an amino group

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26
Q

C-terminus (carboxyl terminus)

A

Side of polypeptide that ends with a carboxyl group

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27
Q

Primary structure

A

Group of amino acids

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28
Q

Secondary structure

A

Intermolecular forces between polypeptide backbone due to hydrogen bonding

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29
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Due to interactions between R-groups; may create hydrophobic or hydrophillic spaces

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30
Q

___ bonds are created between two cysteine aa’s

A

Disulfide

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31
Q

Protein structure may be one of three

A

Fibrous, globular, intermediate

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32
Q

Protein composition may be one of two

A

Simple (aa’s) or complex (aa’s +other components)

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33
Q

Protein functions (7)

A

Storage, hormones, receptors, motion, structure, immunity, enzymes

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34
Q

In protein denaturation, only the ___ structure is affected

A

Primary

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35
Q

Reasons a protein may denature (3)

A

High or low temperature, pH changes, salt concentration

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36
Q

The transition state is the ___ intermediate between reactants and products

A

Unstable

37
Q

Specificity constant measures how ___ an enzyme is at binding to a substrate, converting it to a ___

A

Efficient; product

38
Q

Induced fit theory describes how the active site ___ itself and changes ___ to fit the substrate

A

Molds; shape

39
Q

Ribozyme

A

RNA molecule that can act as an enzyme (non-protein)

40
Q

Cofactor

A

Non-protein molecule that helps enzymes perform reactions

41
Q

Coenzyme

A

Organic cofactors such as vitamins

42
Q

Inorganic cofactors are usually ___ ions

A

Metal

43
Q

Holoenzymes are enzymes that are ___ to their cofactors

A

Bound

44
Q

Apoenzymes are enzymes that are ___ to their cofactors

A

Not bound

45
Q

Prostetic groups are cofactors that are ___ to their enzymes

A

Tightly/Covalently bound

46
Q

Competitive inhibition occurs when a ___ competes ___ with the substrate for active site binding

A

Competitive inhibitor; directly

47
Q

Noncompetitive inhibition occurs when a ___ binds to an ___ modifying the active site

A

Noncompetitive inhibitor; allosteric site

48
Q

Allosteric site

A

Location on enzyme that is different from the active site

49
Q

In competitive inhibition, the rate of enzyme action ___ be increased by adding more substrate

A

Can

50
Q

In noncompetitive inhibition, the rate of enzyme action ___ be increased by adding more substrate

A

Cannot

51
Q

Enzyme kinetics plot

A

Used to visualize how inhibitors affect enzymes

52
Q

Enzyme kinetics plot: x-axis:___, y-axis___, Vmax___, Michaelis constant (Km)___

A

Substrate concentration [X}; Reaction rate or velocity (V); Maximum reaction velocity; Substrate concentration at which velocity is 50% max

53
Q

___ occurs when all active sites are occupied

A

Saturation making graph plateaus

54
Q

Competitive inhibition -> Km ___ while Vmax ___

A

Increase; Stays the same

55
Q

Noncompetitive inhibition -> Km ___ while Vmax ___

A

Stays the same; Increases

56
Q

Lipids

A

CHO

57
Q

Lipids have long ___ tails making them very ___

A

Hydrocarbon; Hydrophobic

58
Q

Triacylglycerol is a ___ molecule with a ___ backbone and ___ fatty acids

A

Lipid; Glycerol; Three

59
Q

The glycerol and fatty acid tails in triacylglycerol are connected by ___ linkages

A

Ester

60
Q

Saturated fatty acids ___ double bonds

A

Have no

61
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids ___ double bonds

A

Have

62
Q

___ unsaturated fatty acids have kinks that cause the tails to bend

A

Cis

63
Q

___ unsaturated fatty acids have straighter tails

A

Trans

64
Q

Phospholipids

A

Glycerol backbone, one phosphate group, two fatty acids

65
Q

In phospholipids, the phosphate group is ___ and the fatty acids are ___

A

Polar; Nonpolar

66
Q

Is cholesterol amphipathic?

A

Yes

67
Q

Are phospholipids amphipathic?

A

Yes

68
Q

Cholesterol is the most common precursor to ___ hormones

A

Steroid

69
Q

Cholesterol is the starting material to ___ and vitamin ___

A

Bile; C

70
Q

Factors that influence membrane fluidity (3)

A

Temperature; Cholesterol; Degrees of unsaturation

71
Q

Lipoproteins allow passage of ___ molecules

A

Lipid

72
Q

___ density lipoproteins “bad cholesterol” deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues

A

Low

73
Q

___ density lipoproteins “good cholesterol” deliver cholesterol to the liver to make ___

A

High; Bile

74
Q

___ are simple lipids that have long fatty acid tails connected to ___ alcohols through ___ linkages

A

Waxes; Monohydroxyl; Ester

75
Q

___ are lipid derivatives containg long carbon chains with ___ double bonds and ___ at each end

A

Carotenoids; Conjugated; Six membered rings

76
Q

Carotenoids function as ___

A

Pigments

77
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

CHONP

78
Q

Nucleosides contain a ___ carbon sugar and a ___ group

A

Five; Phosphate

79
Q

___ sugars contain a hydrogen at the 2’ carbon

A

Deoxyribose

80
Q

___ sugars contain a hydroxyl group at the 2’ carbon

A

Ribose

81
Q

Purines are and have ___ rings

A

A, G; Two

82
Q

Pyrimadines are ___ and have ___ rings

A

C, U, T; Three

83
Q

___ bonds connect the phosphate group of one nucleotide (at the ___ carbon) to the ___ group of another nucleotide (at the ___ carbon)

A

Phosphodiester; 5’; Hydroxyl; 3’

84
Q

Nucleic acid polymerization proceeds at the ___ end

A

3’

85
Q

How many times can A H-bond to T? G to C?

A

2; 3

86
Q

Central dogma of genetics

A

DNA -> RNA -> Proteins

87
Q

Exceptions to the central dogma of genetics

A

Reverse transcriptase, Prions

88
Q

RNA world hypothesis

A

RNA dominated Earth’s primordial soup before there was life; Developed self replicating mechanisms and later could catalyze reactions to make more complex molecules;

89
Q

RNA is ___ and ___

A

Reactive; Unstable

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