Chapter 1 Molecules and Cells Flashcards
Plasma membrane
- controls movement of molecules in and out of the cell
- functions in cell-cell signaling and cell adhesion
Mitochondria
- surrounded by a double membrane
- generate ATP by oxidation of glucose and fatty acids.
Lysosomes
- have an acidic lumen
- degrade material internalized by the cell and worn-out cellular membranes and organelles.
Nuclear envelope
double membrane, encloses the contents of the nucleus; the outer nuclear membrane is continuous
with the rough ER.
Nucleolus
nuclear subcompartment where most of the cell’s rRNA is synthesized.
Nucleus
filled with chromatin composed of DNA and proteins; site of mRNA and tRNA synthesis
Smooth ER
contains enzymes that synthesize lipids and detoxify certain hydrophobic molecules
Rough ER
functions in the synthesis, processing, and sorting of secreted proteins, lysosomal proteins, and certain membrane proteins.
Golgi Complex
processes and sorts secreted proteins, lysosomal proteins, and membrane proteins synthesized on the rough ER.
Secretory vesicles
secreted proteins and fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents.
peroxisomes
contain enzymes that break down fatty acids into smaller molecules used for biosynthesis and also detoxify certain molecules.
cytoskeletal fibers
form networks and bundles that support cellular membranes, help organize organelles, and participate in cell movement.
Microvilli
increase surface area for absorption of nutrients from surrounding medium.
Transcription factors
bind to specific sequences of DNA and either activate or repress transcription of particular genes
Two processes that convert coded information in DNA into proteins
1) transcription
2) translation
