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History: Migration > Chapter 1: Migration in Medieval England > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Migration in Medieval England Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the first Viking raid? Where did they attack?

A

789, Wessex

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2
Q

Why did the Vikings come to England? (3 reasons)

A

Agriculture: Land in Eastern England was fertile and rich

Trade: Many English towns were important trading centers with Europe. Taking these over would make the Vikings rich

Religion: Odin, the god of war and military victory, was the Vikings’ most important god. To fight and win meant that Odin would reward Viking warriors after death. Dying in battle meant that you could go to the afterlife known as Valhalla.

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3
Q

What happened in 850?

A

A raiding party spent the winter camped on the Isle of Thanet, Kent

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4
Q

What happened in 854?

A

Another raiding party spent the winter camped on the Isle of Sheppey, in the Thames estuary

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5
Q

What happened in 865?

A

The raiding stopped. The Vikings started to try to invade England.

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6
Q

Which city did the Vikings capture in 866? Why was this city important to the Vikings?

A

Captured city of York. Important because it was heavily fortified which meant that they could use the city as a base to conquer and attack most of eastern England. Spent 14 years campaigning against the four Anglo-Saxon kingdoms

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7
Q

The Vikings attacked Wessex in 871 - what happened?

A

King Alfred paid them off to leave.

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8
Q

What happened in 867-68?

A

Vikings marched into Mercia and agreed on terms with King Alfred.

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9
Q

What happened in 869?

A

Vikings conquered East Anglia, killing its king

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10
Q

What happened in 873?

A

Conquered Mercia; its king fled overseas

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11
Q

What happened in 878?

A

Vikings were defeated by King Alfred at the Battle of Edington; a treaty agreed upon where Vikings controlled much of northern and eastern England and Wessex remained independent (Danelaw)

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12
Q

How was the Norman invasion of England different to the Viking invasion?

A

Normans were invading due to a promise made to William, not because they were looking for a better quality of life

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13
Q

When did King Edward the Confessor die? Why was this such a problem?

A

Died 5th January 1066.
This is a problem because he did not have any children

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14
Q

Why did William, Duke of Normandy, believe he was the rightful king of England?

A

He was supposedly promised the throne by Harold Godwinson, Archibishop of Canterbury, he had a blood connection to Edward’s mother (great-aunt) and the Pope supported him because Harold broke his word.

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15
Q

What made William’s, Duke of Normandy, army good?

A

Superbly fit and well-equipped, had specially designed ships to hold soldiers and horses, and brought castles arranged in sections so that they can be built quickly.

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16
Q

What was the battle called that happened following the Duke of Normandy’s invasion?

A

The battle of Hastings. Took place on Senlac Hill, 7 miles from Hastings.

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17
Q

When was the Duke of Normandy crowned king?

A

Christmas Day, Westminister Abbey, 1066.

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18
Q

What was the Bayeux Tapestry?

A

Embroidery that Historians think tells us what happened during the Conquest from a Norman point of view. Women probably stitched it in the 1070s.

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19
Q

Discuss some beliefs that Christians and Jews share.

A

Both were monotheistic, both believe in the Old Testament,

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20
Q

Discuss some beliefs that Christians and Jews do not share.

A

Jews believe that the Messiah is yet to come while Christians think that Jesus was the Messiah, Christians also believe in the New Testament, Jews celebrate the Passover, Yom Kippur, and Rosh Hashanah while Christians celebrate Christmas, Easter, and Whitsun

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21
Q

Why did the Jews come to Norman England?

A

They came because they were needed and some were invited. Needed because they can become moneylenders.

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22
Q

Why did Jewish communities grow during Norman England?

A

As towns and trade grew, more Jews migrated.

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23
Q

What are the Low countries?

A

Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands

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24
Q

What is Lombardy?

A

Florence, Genoa, Lucca, and Venice.

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25
Q

Why did workers from the Low Countries migrate to England?

A

The Hundred Years’ War broke out so they moved to England to find work. They were invited to weave cloth in England. Lots of money made due to high-quality cloth.

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26
Q

Why did bankers from Lombardy migrate to England?

A

The Hundred Years’ War. Excellent opportunities for bankers as new businesses needed help with money to grow.

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27
Q

What was the problem with Lombardy bankers?

A

They were Christians and used Usury when the Pope had banned this.

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28
Q

How did the Vikings gain control of eastern Europe?

A

Danish armies settled in Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham, and Stamford. They built fortified towns and centers of political power.

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29
Q

In what ways did King William I encourage migration to England?

A

Invited people to come and work such as weavers and bankers.

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30
Q

Why did many European weavers go to England in 1270?

A

To find work since there was a lot of money to be made in the industry due to high-quality cloth

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31
Q

What was it like to live and work in the Danelaw?

A

The Saxons who were living in the Danelaw adapted very quickly and so did the Danes. ManyDanes became Christian while worshipping their own gods such as Loki, Thor, Odin, and Freya.

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32
Q

What was the Treaty of Wedmore?

A

confirmed the separation of the northern and north-eastern part of England as an area under Danish control; this part came to be known as Danelagu (Danelaw),

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33
Q

Explain the Saxon takeover and what happened between the years 937 and 1016.

A

Alfred’s son Edward and his grandson Althestan fought a series of campaigns against the Danes for control of the Danelaw.

937 Althestan won a tremendous victory at the Battle of Brunanburh and the Saxons took over there.

England prospered and was peaceful during the reign (959-75) of King Edgar.

Vikings retaliated to try and regain the old Danelaw. King Ethelred worried that the Danes living peacefully in England’s town might join up with the Viking raiders so he ordered the massacre of them.

Massacre of Danes living in English territory. St Brice’s Day, 13 November 1002.

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34
Q

When did King Cnut reign?

A

1016-35

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35
Q

How well did King Cnut rule England?

A

Ruled well. Won the fight for control for England 1013-1015. Although the Vikings had won the control of England, they allowed the Saxons to hold positions of power and continued Anglo-Saxon laws. Brought peace and stabiluty to England. Edward the Confessor succeeded him.

36
Q

Why did the Normans build lots of castles?

A

Visible reminder of who was in charge, useful refuges for soldiers and a storage place for weapons and ammunition, controlling the surrounding countryside, river crossing, port or border. Some were built in the middle of towns, meaning hundred of houses were torn down to make room.

37
Q

How did the Normans put down the Saxon rebellions?

A

Paid off the Danes to keep them from helping the Saxons, burned their crops and killed their animals o that they would die from hunger, 1069-1070 slaughtered thousands of men, women and children.

38
Q

What does Harrying the North mean?

A

It is how historians describe the revenge taken by the Normans on the Saxons in the north of England in 1069-1070. Burned crops, destroyed seeds, killed livestock and destroyed homes as a warning to the Saxons to never rebel again.

39
Q

What was the feudal system?

A

A system based upon loyalty to the King. William owned all the land but he would loan it to trusted Normans for their loyalty. Barons owed loyalty to their kings, knights owed loyalty to their barons, peasants owed loyalty to their lord.

40
Q

Why did William I develop the feudal system?

A

Had reliable support without giving anything away.

41
Q

What was the Domesday book for?

A

1085 December, William decided to hold a survey that would give an accurate record of the state of his land. 1086, royal commissioners travelled the country questioning all of the landowners, great and small. Findings written in the Domesday Book. Landowners and tenants were listed as well as other people who lived on the land.

42
Q

Originally, why were Jews accepted members of Norman society?

A

They were needed as moneylenders.

43
Q

Why did anti-Semitism grow in Norman England?

A

Jewish people were given a special status because they had been invited to England and were useful to the crown. Treated badly because Jewish leaders put Jesus to death.

44
Q

What was blood libel?

A

False stories that Jews murdered Christian children to use their blood in Jewish rituals. Started in 1144, Jews falsely accused of killing a boy called William of Norwich.

45
Q

Give examples of increasing anti-semitism in medieval England?

A

Mob attacked the Jewish quarter of London during 1189

46
Q

What happened in 1290?

A

Edward I ordered that all Jews convert to Christianity or leave England forever. Most left as refugees on the south coast of England

47
Q

Did weavers settle successfully in England? Why?

A

They did settle successfully. Weavers were needed and they taught their skills to the English weavers. Boosted wealth in towns such as Long Melford in Suffolk and Colchester in Essex.

48
Q

Did Lombardy bankers settle successfully in England? Why?

A

They did settle successfully. They were given royal protection and they were given the right to trade in wool and other goods on better terms than English. They made a fortune.

49
Q

What were Hansa merchants?

A

Merchants belonging to the German trading group, the Hanseatic League. Based in central London called the Steelyard.

50
Q

Give examples of English people turning on immigrants.

A

Peasants’ Revolt 1381, 150 foreign weavers and merchants were murdered. During the revolt and again in 1492, English attacked the Steelyard, burning buildings and destroying goods.

51
Q

What was Danegeld? Describe two ways in which it was used.

A

Danegeld was the money used to pay the Danes. They would use it to pay the Vikings off of raiding and to pay them as soldiers.

52
Q

Explain how the English cloth industry became so successful.

A

Weavers from the Low countries were highly skilled at weaving. They taught the English different techniques of weaving. This taught them how to make high quality cloth meaning that they could charge more for it.

53
Q

Explain the influence that Old Norse has had on todays language.

A

Similar in grammar and structure to Old Norse. Contains a lot of Norse words. Any place that ends with -by the Vikings were there.

54
Q

What were Viking assemblies called? What happened here?

A

Things. Laws were decided here by voting and people were also put on trial here.

55
Q

What were the rights of women within Viking society like?

A

Equal

56
Q

How did William I keep the chancery and the chancellor the same upon his accession to the throne?

A

Clerks worked in the chancery writing up official documents. Chancellor in charge. William appointed Norman chancellors

57
Q

How did William I keep the shires and the sheriffs the same upon his accession to the throne?

A

The sheriff was in charge of each shire. William appointed Norman sheriffs

58
Q

How did William I keep the shire courts and hundred courts the same upon his accession to the throne?

A

Each shire and hundred would have its own court with the same system. Landowners would make all of the decisions in the courts

59
Q

How did William I keep the geld and the taxation the same upon his accession to the throne?

A

Meet with his advisors to decide how much geld each shire would pay for taxation. The system worked so he didn’t change it. Used findings of Doomesday Book to help increase taxes.

60
Q

How did William I change the landscape upon his accession to the throne?

A

Added more castles to the countryside and the centre of some cities. Stone-built cathedrals and churches, monasteries and abbeys could be seen. Burnt fields and Northern England been destroyed

61
Q

How did William I change land ownership upon his accession to the throne?

A

changed when feudal system introduced.

Everyone owed obligation to king or class above them for protection and land.

Slavery abolished as Domesday book revealed 10% of workers on land were slaves.

62
Q

How did William I change the church upon his accession to the throne?

A

Replaced all but one of the Saxon bishops with Norman ones.

Hierarchy introduced where archbishops at top and parish priests at the bottom

By 1200 all wooden Saxon churches had been replaced by stone ones.

Links with Christendom grew as members of religious orders migrated to England to found monasteries and abbeys

63
Q

How did William I change the language upon his accession to the throne?

A

Norman rulers spoke Old French which only they understood

Rulers and ruled spoke different languages before they gradually came together

‘Pork’ and ‘beef’ words invented

Norman first names like Robert, Richard and William began to be used

64
Q

How did William I change the laws upon his accession to the throne?

A

Forest laws protected William’s hunting.

Many English forests became royal forests where the king and friends are only allowed to hunt

severe punishments if caught poaching there

Murdrum was a tax that was imposed on any hundred where a Norman was killed and the murderer was not caught

65
Q

Give three examples of English monarchs used Jewish money.

A

William I (1066-87) - Used Jewish money to build castles and pay for soldier wages

William II (1087-1100) - Used Jewish money to build Norwich cathedral

John (1199-1216) - used Jewish money to provide a royal dowry for his daughter, Joan

66
Q

How did Jewish money support communities and create wealth?

A

Helped get businesses started

Helped traders expand their trading overseas

Lent a lot of money to Cistercian monks to build Fountains Abbey

Jew Jacob of Oxford paid money to found Merton College at Oxford

67
Q

What year were Jews expelled from England?

A

1290

68
Q

What is a primary economy?

A

based mainly on raw materials

69
Q

What is a secondary economy?

A

changes raw materials into manufactured goods

70
Q

How did weavers change Englands economy?

A

Cloth became England’s main source of wealth as trade grew

moved from a primary economy to a secondary one

71
Q

How did merchants change Englands economy?

A

Trade increased with Hanseatic League cities around the North and Baltic seas onward toward Europe

Merchants grew wealth and invested in Lombardy banks; income to crown through tax and imports increased

England became a key European trading centre

72
Q

How did bankers change Englands economy?

A

Loaned money invested with them to help finance trade and construct building in English cities

Financed Edward I’s campaigns in Wales and helped build castles in Northern Wales to subdue the Welsh

Loans to Edward III helped fund English forces in Hundred Years’ War ( 1337-1453)

Started to turn London into an international market. Words like bade, credit and debit came from Italian words

73
Q

What was democratic about the Viking Things?

A

They were public meetings where laws were decided by votes

74
Q

Explain how the English economy changed from on economy based on raw materials to one based on manufacturing.

A

They changed because migrant weavers started to make lots of cloth and over time it became England’s main source of wealth

75
Q

Briefly describe what York looked like under the Vikings?

A
76
Q

Why was York important to the Vikings?

A

It was a heavily fortified town that they could use a base to restock and make quick attacks and then come back

77
Q

how many people do historians estimate migrated to York between 866 and 950.

A

10000-15000

78
Q

Why was York a multicultural city

A

Many Northumbrians still lived there with Vikings, merchants from Germany, modern-day Holland, Ireland and Scotland

79
Q

Give 5 examples of trades in York.

A

Glassmakers,

blacksmiths produced weapons and tools,

Jewellery makers created beads and rings from amber and jet

Textile workers for clothing and shoes

Metalworkers for lead, iron, copper, silver and gold produced knives, keys and jewellery

80
Q

What sort of items were being traded in York?

A

timber, wool, iron ore and deer antlers

81
Q

Give evidence that shows that the Church had influence in Viking York.

A

Many Vikings converted to Christianity

Archbishops involved with negotiations with other kingdoms and may even have helped with choosing a new king

Most coins created after 900 carried Christian symbols on them

82
Q

Give evidence that shows that the Church did not have influence in Viking York.

A

It was financially poor

No record of an Archbishop in York between 904-928, if there was one he can’t have been important

Many coins with Christian symbols had Latin spelling errors, some also showed pagan symbols on the other side, if the Church was very influential how could this have happened

83
Q

IN what year did the Saxons (Athelstan) invade and take over York?

A

927

84
Q

Until what year was York ruled by the Anglo-Saxons?

A

939

85
Q

What happened in Lindisfarne?

A

Viking attack on Northumbria in the year 793. The Vikings ‘miserably ravaged and pillaged everything’ (Symeon of Durham). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle describes it to be a fierce robbery and slaughter. It was an extremely shocking attack that devastated the world.

86
Q

Why was Lindisfarne attractive to the Vikings?

A

It was undefended place of riches and it was easy to escape due to vast open waters

History: Migration (2 decks)

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