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CHEM 139 > Chapter 1: Matter, Measurement, and Problem Solving > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Matter, Measurement, and Problem Solving Flashcards

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1
Q

atoms

A

the submicroscopic particles that constitute the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter

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2
Q

molecules

A

atoms that bind together in specific geometrical arrangments

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3
Q

chemistry

A

the science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules

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4
Q

atom

A

carbon (C) is a(n) __________

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5
Q

molecule

A

water (H2O) is a(n) ___________

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6
Q

4

A

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a molecule that contains ___ atoms

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7
Q

false

A

true or false - carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules are both composed of carbon and oxygen atoms and therefore must have similar properties

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8
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass
- can be classified as solid, liquid, or gas based on what properties it exhibits

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9
Q

state

A

the physical form of matter

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10
Q

composition

A

the basic components that make up matter

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11
Q

solid matter

A
  • atoms in fixed locations (fixed shape)
  • atoms can vibrate
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12
Q

liquid matter

A
  • atoms are closely packed, but can move past one another
  • fixed volume, but not shape
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13
Q

gaseous matter

A
  • lots of space between atoms
  • no fixed volume so they are compressible
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14
Q

solid

A

in which state of matter will the molecules that compose a given substance pack the closest?

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15
Q

gas

A

in which state of matter are the molecules that compose a substance be able to be compressed because they are spaced so far apart from one another?

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16
Q

solid

A

what state of matter will not conform to the shape of the container you put it in?

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17
Q

pure substance

A

made up of only one component and its composition is invariant (no variation)

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18
Q

mixture

A

a substance composed of two or more components in proportions that can vary from one sample to another

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19
Q

element

A

a substance that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances
- composed of one type of atom

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20
Q

compound

A

a substance composed of two or more elements in fixed definite proportions
- ex: H2O

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21
Q

heterogeneous mixture

A

composition varies from one region of the mixture as compared to another
- ex: oil and water

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22
Q

homogeneous mixture

A
  • multiple substances are present, but are evenly distributed
  • therefore, the composition does not vary from one region of the mixture as compared to another
  • ex: tea with sugar
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23
Q

decanting

A

carefully pouring off the water into another container
- a mixture of sand and water can be separated with this method

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24
Q

distillation

A
  • a process in which a mixture is heated to boil off the more volatile liquid
  • the volatile liquid is then re-condensed in a condenser and collected in a separate flask
  • a homogeneous mixture of liquids can usually be separated by this method
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25
Q

volatile

A

easily vaporizable

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26
Q

filtration

A
  • process in which the mixture is poured through filter paper in a funnel
  • a mixture of an insoluble solid and a liquid can be separated by this method
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27
Q

physical changes

A

changes that alter only the state or appearance, but not composition
- the atoms or molecules that compose a substance do not change their identity during a physical change

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28
Q

chemical changes

A

changes that alter the composition of matter
- atoms rearrange, transforming the original substances into different substances

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29
Q

physical property

A

a property that a substance displays without changing its composition
- the smell of gasoline
- odor, taste, color, appearance, melting point, boiling point, and density

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30
Q

chemical property

A

a property that a substance displays only by changing its composition via a chemical change (or chemical reaction)
- the flammability of gasoline
- corrosiveness, acidity, and toxicity

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31
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work

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32
Q

work

A

the action of a force through a distance

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33
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy associated with the motion of an object

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34
Q

potential energy

A

the energy associated with the position or composition of an object

35
Q

thermal energy

A

the energy associated with the temperature of an object

36
Q

total energy

A

= kinetic energy + potential energy

37
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

energy is always conserved in a physical or chemical change; it is neither created nor destroyed

38
Q

unstable

A

systems with high potential energy are ______ and tend to change in a direction that lowers their potential energy, releasing energy into the surroundings

39
Q

units

A

standard quantities used to specify measurements

40
Q

metric system, english system

A

two most common unit systems

41
Q

meter (m)

A

SI unit of length
- slightly longer than a yard

42
Q

mass

A

the quantity of matter within it

43
Q

kilogram (kg)

A

SI unit of mass
- = 2lb 3oz

44
Q

weight

A

a measure of the gravitational pull on its matter

45
Q

time

A

the measure of the duration of an event

46
Q

second (s)

A

SI unit of time
- defined as the period of time it takes for a specific number of radiation events of a specific transition from cesium-133

47
Q

temperature

A

a measure of the average amount of kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules that compose the matter
- also determines the direction of thermal energy transfer, or what we commonly call heat

48
Q

Kelvin (K)

A

SI unit of temperature

49
Q

Kelvin scale (absolute scale)

A

assigns 0 K (absolute zero) to the coldest temperature possible

50
Q

absolute zero

A

the temperature at which molecular motion virtually stops; lower temperatures do not exist
- -273°C or - 459°F

51
Q

water boils

A
  • 212°F
  • 100°C
  • 373 K
52
Q

water freezes

A
  • 32°F
  • 0.00°C
  • 273 K
53
Q

Fahrenheit degree

A

5/9 the size of a Celsius degree

54
Q

same size

A

the Celsius degree and the Kelvin degree are the ____ ____

55
Q

°C = (°F-32)/1.8

A

Fahrenheit to Celsius

56
Q

K = °C+273.15

A

Celsius to Kelvin

57
Q

prefix multipliers

A

change the value of the unit by the powers of 10

58
Q

mega (M)

A

multiplier: 1,000,000 (10^6)

59
Q

kilo (k)

A

multiplier: 1000 (10^3)

60
Q

deci (d)

A

multiplier: 0.1 (10^-1)

61
Q

centi (c)

A

multiplier: 0.01 (10^-2)

62
Q

milli (m)

A

multiplier: 0.001 (10^-3)

63
Q

micro (u)

A

multiplier: 0.000001 (10^-6)

64
Q

nano (n)

A

multiplier: 0.000000001 (10^-9)

65
Q

giga (g)

A

multiplier: 1,000,000,000 (10^9)

66
Q

derived unit

A

a combination of other units

67
Q

speed

A

m/s - distance per unit time

68
Q

volume

A

m^3 or Liter (L) - measure of space

69
Q

density

A

g/cm^3 or g/mL - ratio of mass to volume

70
Q

significant

A

all nonzero digits

71
Q

significant

A

interior zeros (zeroes between two nonzero digits)

72
Q

not significant

A

leading zeroes (zeroes to the left of the first nonzero digit)

73
Q

significant

A

trailing zeroes after a decimal point

74
Q

significant

A

trailing zeroes before a decimal point (and after a nonzero number)

75
Q

ambiguous

A

trailing zeroes before an implied decimal point

76
Q

significant

A

decimal points are placed after one or more trailing zeroes if the zeroes are to be _________

77
Q

unlimited

A

exact number have an _________ number of significant figures

78
Q

fewest significant figures

A

in multiplication or division, the result carries the same number of significant figures as the factor with the ________ __________ ________

79
Q

fewest decimal places

A

in addition or subtraction, the result carries the same number of decimal places as the quantity with the ______ _______ ______

80
Q

accuracy

A

how close the measured value is to the actual value

81
Q

precision

A

how close a series of measurements are to one another or how reproducible they are

82
Q

dimensional analysis

A

using units as a guide to solving problems

83
Q

conversion factor

A

a fractional quantity of a unit equation with the units we are converting from on the bottom and the units we are converting to on the top

84
Q

unit equation

A

a statement of two equivalent quantities, such as 1.094 yd = 1 m.

CHEM 139 (3 decks)

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