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Physics > Chapter 1 - Matter and Radiation > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Matter and Radiation Flashcards

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Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

What is a nucleon?

A

A neutron or proton in the nucleus

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2
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

Number of protons in the nucleus

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3
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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4
Q

What is the nucleon number?

A

The number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus

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5
Q

What is the relative charge of a proton?

A

+1

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6
Q

What is the relative charge of an electron?

A

-1

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7
Q

Equation for specific charge

A

Specific charge = charge ÷ mass

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8
Q

What is the strong nuclear force?

A

The force that keeps neutrons and protons together in the nucleus

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9
Q

What is the range of the strong nuclear force?

A

It is attractive from 4 fm to 0.5 fm, and then is repulsive

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10
Q

What is specific charge?

A

Definition = charge ÷ mass
Electrons have the highest specific charge of any particle (given in equations booklet)
An atom has no charge

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11
Q

What is an alpha particle?

A

Helium particle / 2 neutrons and 2 protons

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12
Q

What is a beta - particle?

A

An electron

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13
Q

What is a beta + particle?

A

A positron

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14
Q

Beta - decay

A
  • Neutron changes into a proton
  • An electron and anti electron neutrino are created and emitted
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15
Q

Why is the specific charge of an electron larger then that of a hydrogen nucleus?

A

The specific charge of an electron is about 2000 x higher because it’s mass is so much smaller. The hydrogen nucleus and an electron have the same charge, but hydrogen’s mass is about 2000 times bigger.

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16
Q

Beta + decay

A
  • A proton changes into a neutron
  • A position and an electron neutrino are created and emitted
17
Q

Neutrino

A

The neutrino’s existence was predicted because energy was not conserved in beta decay

18
Q

1 eV

A

1.6 x 10 to the power of -19 J (in the booklet)

19
Q

What is a photon?

A
  • A packet of electromagnetic radiation
  • The “smallest piece”
  • Zero mass
  • Zero charge
  • Their energy is proportional to their frequency
20
Q

Equation for energy of a photon

A

E=hf
Plank’s constant x frequency

21
Q

Wavespeed

A

Frequency x wavelength

22
Q

What is antimatter?

A
  • Every particle has an equivalent antiparticle
  • an antiparticle is like the mirror image of the respective particle

Antimatter has opposite charge and the same mass as the matter equivalent

23
Q

What are the antiparticles?

A

Proton (p) | antiproton (p_)
Neutron (n) | antineutron (n_)
Electron (e) | positron (e+)
Electron neutrino (Ve) | anti electron neutrino (Ve_)

24
Q

Beta decay equations

A

Beta - = n -> p + e + Ve_
Beta + = p -> n + (e+) + Ve

25
Q

What is annihilation?

A
  • Matter and antimatter destroy each other, or annihilate, whenever they come into contact
  • Matter then turns into energy -> E = m x c2
  • The matter and antimatter then mutually destructs in a “puff” of light consisting of two photons sent out in precisely opposite directions, each with an energy corresponding exactly to the mass of the matter
  • 2 photons are produced in opposite directions to conserve momentum
26
Q

What is the rest mass?

A

The rest energy, which is the energy needed to create the particle

27
Q

What is pair production?

A
  • The opposite of annihilation
  • Photons producing a particle and its corresponding antiparticle
  • Usually happens in the presence of a nucleus to conserve momentum
  • Usually an electron and position as they are the lowest mass

Look on good notes for diagram

28
Q

Particle interactions

A

Particle interactions (forces) are caused by exchange particles (bosons, sometimes called message particles)

29
Q

What are the 4 fundamental particle interactions?

A

Gravity
Electromagnetic
Weak nuclear
Strong nuclear

30
Q

How do matter particles interact?

A

An exchange particle is exchanged between the particles
They are called virtual photons as they only exist for very short periods of time

31
Q

What is the exchange particle for electromagnetic interaction?

A

Virtual photon

32
Q

Weak nuclear force

A

Responsible for subatomic particle decays like beta - and +
The exchange particles are w- and w+

33
Q

What is rest energy?

A

The energy equivalence of the particles mass

Physics (5 decks)

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