Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

cut and separate tissues to see how they are related

Answer 1

dissection (means “cut apart”)

Question 2

body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment regardless of fluctuating external factors or influences

Answer 2

homeostasis

Question 3

an observation that can be independently observed and tested

Answer 3

fact

Question 4

inductive method (reasoning) VS. hypothetico-deductive method (reasoning)

• study more in depth if needed

Answer 4

Inductive - make numerous observations until generalizations can be made; the reasoning behind it is to make an inference based on specific observations

Hypo - problem solving approach, asking questions and form a hypothesis; “if-then” deduction is the reasoning and hypothesis must be falsifiable

Question 5

change in genetic composition or gene expression over time

Answer 5

evolution

Question 6

What are the levels of organization of life (from simplest to most complex?)

• be able to define each

Answer 6

atoms - elements (molecules) - macromolecules - organelles - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organisms - population - biome - ecosystem

Question 7

four types of tissues

• be able to define each

Answer 7

Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous

Question 8

Explain peer review

• study more in depth if needed

Answer 8

A paper must be reviewed to ensure proper methods and accuracy

Question 9

Ways to examine a living body

• be able to define each

Answer 9

Naked eye
Palpation
Auscultation
Percussion

Question 10

What are the needs of an organism?

• be able to define each

Answer 10

Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure

Question 11

chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into monomers

Answer 11

digestion

Question 12

the body fluctuates around dynamic equilibrium using ________ _____

Answer 12

feedback loops

Question 13

product of chemical reactions, regulated by body’s temperature

Answer 13

heat

Question 14

detect changes in air and fluid compartments by tapping surface

Answer 14

percussion

Question 15

Explain the unity of form and function

Answer 15

A&P are the result of each other.
Shape predicts how an organ will perform a function
Physiological function predict the form it must take

Question 16

what has been replaced by medical imaging?

Answer 16

exploratory surgery

Question 17

what in an experimental design is used to able to compare results to known negative

Answer 17

control group

Question 18

______ ____ theory and the theory of _______ _________ help us understand the human body

Answer 18

modern cell theory

theory of natural selection

Question 19

are cells alive?

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

self-regulating slow down and shut off system; self corrective

Answer 20

negative feedback

Question 21

the level at which a changing physiological state tends to stabilize

Answer 21

set point

ex: body temperature, pH, heart rate

Question 22

What are the types of death?

• be able to define each

Answer 22

clinical
biological
legal death

Question 23

the study of structure from gross to microscopic levels

Answer 23

anatomy

Question 24

what are several important considerations required to design an experiment

• be able to define each

Answer 24

sample size
control group
psychosomatic effects
experimenter bias
statistical testing

Question 25

What is the name of Darwin’s book and what are the TWO major points the book makes?

Answer 25

Species change to survive. Modern species inherit genes that descended with modifications.

Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution. The best genetic traits are passed on to offspring giving them advantageous genes. Leads to survival

Question 26

Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools

Answer 26

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 27

What is human? (KPCOFGS)

Answer 27

Animalia - Chordata - Vertebrata - Mammalia - Primates - Hominidae - Homo sapien

Question 28

composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons; make up matter

Answer 28

atoms

Question 29

composed of different types of tissues; function as a unit

Answer 29

organs

Question 30

how many organs do we have?

Answer 30

thousands

Question 31

T or F: Within the same species, anatomical and physiological differences do NOT occur.

Answer 31

False

anatomical - major blood vessels and organs can vary in location

physiological - age, sex, lifestyle, race,etc

Question 32

Define energy utilization

Answer 32

The use of energy to maintain the high levels of structure.

Organisms take in and transform energy to do work which is cellular respiration.

Question 33

Required for metabolic processes, transports substance, regulate body temp

Answer 33

water

Question 34

high frequency ultrasound waves bounce back image

Answer 34

sonography

Question 35

Describe the uses of sonography and its pros or cons.

Answer 35

It avoids exposure to xrays.
Not sharp image.
Creates a video image, but can’t be used for bone or lungs.
Good for fetal development.

Question 36

Why were early scientific experiments bad?

Answer 36

They were haphazard. Biased. Subjective

Question 37

What is necessary about a sample size?

Answer 37

It must be an adequate size. If not, small sizes are at risk for skewed results.

Question 38

some individuals of a species have traits (genes) that give them advantageous traits over others.

What is this, and what will happen with offspring?

Answer 38

Natural selection theory

Offspring will survive if they inherit the genes that are advantageous and will prevail

“survival of the fittest”