Chapter 1: Major themes of A&P

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

study of structure

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

the study of function

Question 3

inspection

Answer 3

looking at the body’s appearance. performing physical examination. clinical diagnosis from surface level

Question 4

Palpation

Answer 4

feeling a structure with the hands, taking a pulse or palpating a swollen lymphnode

Question 5

Auscultation

Answer 5

listening to the natural sounds made by the body

ex: heart and lung sounds

Question 6

percussion

Answer 6

examiner taps the body, feels for abnormal resistance. Listens to the emitted sounds for abnromalities

Question 7

dissection

Answer 7

carefully cutting and separating tissue to reveal their relationships

Question 8

comparative anatomy

Answer 8

study of multiple species in order to examine similarities, differences and trends

Question 9

exploratory surgery

Answer 9

opening a body to see what is wrong and figure out how to fix it

Question 10

gross anatomy

Answer 10

structure that can be seen with naked eye, by surface observation, radiology or dissection

Question 11

histology

Answer 11

observing thinly sliced and stained tissue specimens under a microscope

Question 12

histopathology

Answer 12

microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

Question 13

Cytology

Answer 13

study of the structure and function of individual cells

Question 14

Ultrastructure

Answer 14

fine detail, molecular level, revealed by electron microscope

Question 15

comparative physiology

Answer 15

study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration and reproduction

Question 16

scientific method

Answer 16

habits of disciplined creativity, observation, logical thinking and honest analysis of observations and conclusions

Question 17

inductive method

Answer 17

a process of making many observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and conclusions from them.

Question 18

hypothetico-deductive method

Answer 18

investigator begins by asking questions and forming a hypothesis

Question 19

hypothesis

Answer 19

educated speculation or possible answer

1. must be consistent with what is already known
2. capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence

Question 20

Falsifiability

Answer 20

if we claim something that is scientifically true must be able to specify was evidence it would take to prove it wrong.

Question 21

Sample Size

Answer 21

number of subjects used in a study

Question 22

control group

Answer 22

consists of subjects that are similar and alike to the treatment group except for the variable being tested

Question 23

Psychosomatic effects

Answer 23

effects of the subjects state of mind on his or her physiology``

Question 24

placebo

Answer 24

a substance with no significant physiological effect on the body

Question 25

peer review

Answer 25

a critical evaluation by other experts in that field

- ensures honesty, objectivity, and quality in science

Question 26

fact

Answer 26

information that can be independently verified by any trained person

Question 27

law of nature

Answer 27

a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave

Question 28

theory

Answer 28

explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws and hypotheses

Question 29

evolution

Answer 29

change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms

Question 30

natural selection

Answer 30

some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors that allow them to produce more offspring

Question 31

selection pressures

Answer 31

natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others

Question 32

adaptations

Answer 32

features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior that evolve in response to selection pressures. helps organism cope with challeneges

Question 33

model

Answer 33

an animal species or strain selected for research on a particular problem is called a model

Question 34

opposable thumbs

Answer 34

thumbs can cross the palm to touch fingertips, making primates able to hold small objects

Question 35

prehensile

Answer 35

able to grasp objects by encircling them with the thumb and fingers

Question 36

stereoscopic vision

Answer 36

depth perception

Question 37

bipedalism

Answer 37

standing and walking on two legs

Question 38

evolutionary medicine

Answer 38

analyzes how human disease and dysfunctions can be traces to differences

Question 39

organism

Answer 39

single, complete individual

Question 40

organ system

Answer 40

group of organs with a unique collective function

Question 41

organ

Answer 41

structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out specific function

Question 42

tissue

Answer 42

mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs specific function

Question 43

cells

Answer 43

smallest units of an organism and carry out all the basic functions of life

Question 44

organelles

Answer 44

microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions

Question 45

molecules

Answer 45

a particle composed of at least two atoms

Question 46

atom

Answer 46

smallest particles with unique chemical identities

Question 47

reductionism

Answer 47

the theory that a large, complex system can be understood by studying its simpler components

Question 48

responsiveness and movement

Answer 48

the ability to sense and react to stimuli

Question 49

stimuli

Answer 49

changes in the environment

Question 50

homeostasis

Answer 50

the ability to maintain internal stability

- ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it and maintain stable internal conditions

Question 51

development

Answer 51

any change in form or function over a lifetime

Question 52

differentiation

Answer 52

the transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task

Question 53

growth

Answer 53

increase in size

- growth of body occurs through chemical change

Question 54

reproduction

Answer 54

produce copies of themselves, passing their genes on

Question 55

evolution

Answer 55

all species experience genetic change from generation to generation and evolve.

• occurs because of mutations
• only seen in the population as a whole

Question 56

negative feedback

Answer 56

a process in which the body senses change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it

Question 57

vasodilation

Answer 57

the widening of blood vessels, warm blood flows closer to body surface and loses heat.
(heat losing mechanism)

Question 58

vasoconstriction

Answer 58

narrowing of the blood vessels in skin. retains warm blood deeper into body and reduces heat loss
(heat conserving mechanism)

Question 59

shivering

Answer 59

muscle tremors that generate heat.

Question 60

receptor

Answer 60

a structure that senses a change in the body

Question 61

Integrating (control) center

Answer 61

mechanism that processes this information and relates it to other info

Question 62

effector

Answer 62

cell or organ that carries out final corrective action

Question 63

positive feedback

Answer 63

self-amplifying cycle in which a psychological change leads to even greater change in the same direction
- woman giving birth

Question 64

gradient

Answer 64

a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature or other variable between one point or another

Question 65

down the gradient

Answer 65

flows from high value to lower value

Question 66

up the gradient

Answer 66

lower value to higher value