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Microbiology > Chapter 1: Main Themes In Microbiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Main Themes In Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

It groups and names living things

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2
Q

What is classification?

A

Living things are grouped based on what they have in common

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3
Q

What are the characteristics used to group living things?

A 
How many cells?
What type of cells? Eukaryotic or prokaryotic
Autotroph or heterotroph?
Is it motile or sessile?
Does it have a cell wall?
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4
Q

What are the two types of multicellularisn?

A

True and colonial

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5
Q

What is colonial multicellularism?

A

Cells share a common boundary but there is no division of labor

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6
Q

What is true multicellularism?

A

Most share a common boundary and different groups have different jobs to do

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7
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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8
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Organelles are contained within a membrane and contains linear DNA that controls the cell. Specific chemical reactions are compartmentalized within a membrane

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9
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Some chemical reactions happen within the cells but organelles are not housed within a membrane. Circular DNA with no friends controls the cell. Tend to look empty on the inside because of absence of a normal organelles

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10
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

Use materials in their environment to make their own food— algae, plants, bacteria etc.

They are the only ones that can make basic molecule units like monosaccharides and also be able to use them

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11
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

They cannot make their own food from raw materials. Examples are bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and animals

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12
Q

What does sessile mean?

A

Adult organisms cannot move from one space to another. They lack motility

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13
Q

What does motile mean?

A

Adult form can move from one space to another. Possesses motility

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14
Q

What type of cell wall do fungi have?

A

Cell walls mostly made of chitin but other materials may form the cell walls like glucans

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15
Q

What makes up the cell walls of algae and plants?

A

Cellulose

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16
Q

What make up the cell walls of bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan

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17
Q

What make up the cell walls of Archaea?

A

Proteins, polysaccharides or molecules other than peptidoglycan. Sometimes lacking a cell wall altogether

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18
Q

What are the four kingdoms of domain eukarya?

A

Protista, fungi, plants, animals

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19
Q

Describe Protista?

A

Autotrophs (algae)- Sessile, Cellulose cell wall, some are uni/multicellular

Heterotrophs (Protozoa)- mostly motile, no cell wall, unicellular

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20
Q

Describe fungi?

A

Heterotrophs, Sessile, Chitin cell wall, yeasts are unicellular, mushrooms mildew and mold are multicellular

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21
Q

Describe plants?

A

Autotrophs, sessile, cell wall of cellulose, multicellular

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22
Q

Describe animals?

A

Heterotrophs, mostly motile, no cell wall, multicellular

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23
Q

How are bacteria classified?

A

Shape and arrangement

24
Q

What are the three general shapes of bacteria?

A

Coccus- spherical
Bacillus- rod shaped
Spirilla/spirochete- curved rod or spiraled

25
Q

What are the arrangements of bacteria?

A 
Single- Random association of bacteria
Pairs- two bacteria
Chains- Row of bacteria
Tetrad- Group of four
Cluster- large irregular group
26
Q

Streptococcus species

A

Streptococcus mutans- Dental caries
Streptococcus pyogenes- Strep throat/scarlet fever
Streptococcus pneumoniae- Pneumonia

27
Q

What are the different types of microbes?

A

Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, viruses, archaea and multicellular animal parasites

28
Q

What are some of the functions of microbes?

A 
Disease causing
Produce oxygen
Decompose organic waste
Some cause fermentation
Some create ethanol, acetone and vitamins
29
Q

What has knowledge of microorganisms allowed us to do?

A

Prevent food spoilage
Prevent disease
Understand causes of disease and how they spread

30
Q

How many bacterial cells are contained in the human body? what is it called?

A

40 trillion, make up our microbiome

31
Q

What does our microbiome do?

A

Helps maintain good health
Prevent pathogens
Help immune system learn to recognize threats
Colonization can only occur in areas of body where bacteria could thrive

32
Q

When does our normal microbiome begin developing?

A

At birth and may colonize indefinitely or fleetingly

33
Q

When did the Human Biome Project begin? What was its purpose?

A
  1. Determine what types of bacteria colonize in different areas and to understand the correlation between changes in our microbiome and diseases we acquire.
34
Q

When was the National Microbiome Initiative begun? Role?

A
  1. Studies the role of microbes in various ecosystems
35
Q

Characteristics of bacteria

A

Prokaryotes- no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Single celled
Peptidoglycan cell walls
Divide via binary fission
Get nutrition from chemicals and photosynthesis
May be able to move via flagella

36
Q

Characteristics of archaea

A 
Prokaryotic
Not disease causing
May lack cell walls
Live in extreme environments
Include bacteria that produce methane (methanogens), thrive in saline conditions (halophiles) and thrive at high temps (thermophiles)
37
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A 
Eukaryotic (has a nucleus w/ DNA)
Cell walls made of chitin
Absorb organic chemicals for energy
*Yeasts are unicellular
*Molds/mushrooms are multicellular
38
Q

Characteristics of protozoa

A

Eukaryotic
Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
May be able to move via flagella,cilia or pseudopods
Some live on their own while others are parasitic and some are photosynthetic
Reproduce sexually or asexually

39
Q

Characteristics of algae

A 
Eukaryotic
Cell walls composed of cellulose
Found in soil, fresh and salt water
Use photosynthesis for energy- produce O2 and carbs
Sexual/asexual reproduction
40
Q

Characteristics of viruses

A

Acellular
Have DNA or RNA at core
Core surrounded by protein coat that may be inside a lipid envelope
Can only replicate when they are in a living host cell

41
Q

Characteristics of multi-cellular animal parasites

A

Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Not necessarily microorganisms
Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminths

42
Q

3 Domains based on cellular organization

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya (protists, fungi, plants, animals)

43
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that stop or kill other harmful microbes

44
Q

Who discovered the first antibiotics?

A

Alexander Fleming

45
Q

What is bacteriology?

A

Study of bacteria

46
Q

What is mycology?

A

Study of fungi

47
Q

What is parasitology?

A

Study of protozoa and parasitic worms

48
Q

What is immunology

A

Study of immunity

49
Q

What is virology?

A

Study of viruses

50
Q

What is microbial genetics?

A

Study of how microbes inherit traits

51
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

Study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

52
Q

What is genomics?

A

Study of organisms genes

53
Q

What is recombinant RNA? (rRNA)

A

DNA made from 2 different sources

Ex. Animal & bacterial

54
Q

What is microbial ecology?

A

Study of relationship between microorganisms and their environment
Bacteria convert elements into forms that can be used by plants and animals

55
Q

What is normal microbiota?

A

Microbes that are regularly found on the human body that prevent the growth of pathogens

56
Q

What is resistance?

A

Body’s ability to ward off disease

skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals

57
Q

What are biofilms?

A

Microbes that grow in large groups to cover surfaces like teeth, medical implants, rocks etc.
Can cause infections- usually antibiotic resistant

Microbiology (2 decks)

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