Chapter 1 - Life Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary foundations

Question 1

What is observation?

Answer 1

the act of viewing the world around us

Question 2

What is experimentation?

Answer 2

a disciplined and controlled way pf asking and answering questions about the world in an unbiased manner

Question 3

What do observations allow us to draw?

Answer 3

tentative explanations (hypotheses)

Question 4

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 4

a prediction that can be tested by observation and experimentation

Question 5

What can observations do for a hypothesis?

Answer 5

a single observation can lead us to reject the hypothesis or support the hypothesis but cannot prove it

Question 6

How do you undertake a controlled experiment?

Answer 6

conditions and set up kept as similar as possible for each group
researcher can then introduce differences (a variable) to see if it has an effect

Question 7

Why is Evolution important in Biology?

Answer 7

it provides the most general and powerful explanation of how life works

Question 8

What are both the living and non living worlds both subject to?

Answer 8

The laws of chemistry and physics

Question 9

What do living things share with non living things?

Answer 9

All the elements that make up the living things can be found in non living things

Question 10

What does carbon do?

Answer 10

provides the backbone of life

Question 11

What are the 3 most abundant chemicals in organisms?

Answer 11

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

Question 12

What % of known matter do hydrogen and helium make up?

Answer 12

99%

Question 13

What elements make up most of the Earth’s crust?

Answer 13

Oxygen and Silicon mostly, with significant aluminium, iron and calcium

Question 14

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Answer 14

energy can neither be created nor destroyed: it can only be transformed from one form to another

Question 15

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Answer 15

the degree or disorder (or the number of possible positions and motions of molecules) in the universe tends to increase

Question 16

What does entropy mean?

Answer 16

the amount of disorder (or the number of positions and motions of molecules) in a system

Question 17

What were 2 experiments that support the hypothesis that life does not spontaneously occur?

Answer 17

Francesco Redi - Fly’s producing maggots on meat (open, closed, gauze)
Louis Pasteur - microbes and swan-neck flask

Question 18

What is a cell?

Answer 18

simplest entity that can exist as an independent life unit
all cells contain a stable blueprint of information in molecular form; they have a discreet boundary that separates the interior of the cell from it’s external environment; they have the ability to harness materials and energy from the environment

Question 19

What do nucleic acids do?

Answer 19

store and transmit information needed for growth function and reproduction

Question 20

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 20

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 21

What is DNA?

Answer 21

a double stranded helix, contains genetic material, made up of 4 bases A,T,C,G information in DNA directs formation of proteins

Question 22

How is a protein formed?

Answer 22

Copy of DNA information to more DNA (replication)
Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template (transcription)
RNA read and Amino acids determined (translation)

Question 23

what is a gene? (Protein coding)

Answer 23

the DNA sequence that corresponds to a specific protein product

Question 24

What is one of the advantages of DNA?

Answer 24

it can be easily replicated and passed from cell to cell

Question 25

How does replication work?

Answer 25

each strand of double helix serves as a template for a new strand It is precise as if not mutations may occur from errors in DNA (altering function)

Question 26

What is the plasma membrane?

Answer 26

separates living material within the cell from the non living environment around it function is to control the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Question 27

What is the nucleus?

Answer 27

houses the cell's DNA

Question 28

What does the nuclear membrane do?

Answer 28

selectively controls what goes in and out

Question 29

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 29

liquid medium of cell, place where chemical reactions occur

Question 30

If a cell has no nucleus what type of cell is it?

Answer 30

prokaryotic

Question 31

If a cell has a nucleus what type of cell is it?

Answer 31

eukaryotic

Question 32

What are most prokaryotes?

Answer 32

single celled (mainly bacteria)

Question 33

What types of organisms are eukaryotes?

Answer 33

plants, animals, fungi, and protists

Question 34

In multicellular organisms what do cells do?

Answer 34

specialise for specific functions

Question 35

What are the 3 domains of life?

Answer 35

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Question 36

What is metabolism?

Answer 36

converts energy from the environment into a form that can be used by cells chemical energy used to form/break down cells

Question 37

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 37

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 38

What does ATP enable?

Answer 38

work in the cell, growth, division, active transport/cotransport (movement of substances in and out)

Question 39

What is a virus?

Answer 39

genetic material that requires a cell to carry out it's own functions It is an infectious agent composed of a genome and protein coat that uses a host cell to replicate

Question 40

How does Evolution occur? (natural selection)

Answer 40

when variation is present within a population of organisms, and when that variation can be inherited, the variants best able to grow and reproduce in a particular environment will contribute disproportionately to the next generation (natural selection), leading to a change in population over time (evolution)

Question 41

What are the types of variation?

Answer 41

Genetic and Environmental

Question 42

What is the ultimate source of genetic variation?

Answer 42

mutations

Question 43

in what way do organisms show similarities?

Answer 43

in a nested pattern. e.g. humans are more similar to primates than other organisms, primates are more similar to mammals, mammals are more similar to vertebrae etc.

Question 44

how can evolution be demonstrated?

Answer 44

lab experiments

Question 45

What is environmental variation?

Answer 45

variation due to differences in environment

Question 46

What is genetic variation?

Answer 46

difference in genetic material transferred from parents

Question 47

What is Ecology?

Answer 47

the study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment in nature. These interactions are in part are driven by the anatomy, physiology, and behaviour of organisms.

Question 48

For what proportion of life's history have humans lived for?

Answer 48

1/200 of 1% of life's 4 billion years of history

Question 49

What is the issue with humans growing numbers and contributions on the planet?

Answer 49

leaving a large ecological and evolutionary footprint

Question 50

What are the 4 necessities of life?

Answer 50

metabolism, sense/adjust/evolve, reproduce with heredity, border (membranes etc.)

Question 51

What is a prion?

Answer 51

a type of protein that can cause disease

Question 52

What are some examples of diseases caused by prions?

Answer 52

mad cow disease and wasting disease (deer and elk)

Question 53

What are the three types of RNA needed to make a protein?

Answer 53

mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal)

Question 54

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 54

Bacteria, Animal, Plant, Protist, Fungi

Question 55

What Elements are found in carbohydrates?

Answer 55

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen

Question 56

What elements are found in Lipids?

Answer 56

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen (sometimes phosphorous if phospholipid)

Question 57

What elements are found in proteins?

Answer 57

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur

Question 58

What elements are found in nucleic acids?

Answer 58

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous

Question 59

What is a monomer of carbohydrate called?

Answer 59

monosaccharide

Question 60

What are monomers of Lipids?

Answer 60

Fatty acids and glycerol

Question 61

What are monomers of proteins?

Answer 61

amino acids

Question 62

What are monomers of nucleic acids?

Answer 62

nucleotides

Question 63

What are polymers of carbohydrates (and examples)?

Answer 63

Polysaccharides, (starch, cellulose, glycogen)

Question 64

What are some polymers of lipids?

Answer 64

oils and fats waxes cholesterol steroid hormones phospholipids

Question 65

what are polymers of proteins?

Answer 65

polypeptides

Question 66

What are polymers of nucleic acids?

Answer 66

RNA and DNA

Question 67

What is the chemical structure of carbohydrates?

Answer 67

long chain of rings

Question 68

WHat is the chemical structure of lipids?

Answer 68

n/a

Question 69

What is the chemical structure of proteins?

Answer 69

primary, secondary and tertiary

Question 70

What is the chemical structure of nucleic acids?

Answer 70

5 carbon sugar phosphate group nitrogenous base

Question 71

What is the main function of carbohydrates?

Answer 71

energy provide structure

Question 72

What is the main function of lipids?

Answer 72

cell membrane energy storage

Question 73

What is the main function of proteins?

Answer 73

structural catalyse chemical reactions transport

Question 74

What is the main function of nucleic acids?

Answer 74

holds information to control cellular activities

Question 75

What are the bonds in carbohydrates?

Answer 75

Glycosidic bonds

Question 76

What are the bonds in lipids?

Answer 76

Van der Waals forces

Question 77

What are the bonds in proteins?

Answer 77

peptide bonds hydrogen bonds disulfide bonds/bridges

Question 78

What are the bonds in nucleic acids?

Answer 78

phosphodiester bonds hydrogen bonds