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BIOL-119-01 > Chapter 1 - Life Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary foundations > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Life Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary foundations Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What is observation?

A

the act of viewing the world around us

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2
Q

What is experimentation?

A

a disciplined and controlled way pf asking and answering questions about the world in an unbiased manner

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3
Q

What do observations allow us to draw?

A

tentative explanations (hypotheses)

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4
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

a prediction that can be tested by observation and experimentation

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5
Q

What can observations do for a hypothesis?

A

a single observation can lead us to reject the hypothesis or support the hypothesis but cannot prove it

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6
Q

How do you undertake a controlled experiment?

A

conditions and set up kept as similar as possible for each group
researcher can then introduce differences (a variable) to see if it has an effect

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7
Q

Why is Evolution important in Biology?

A

it provides the most general and powerful explanation of how life works

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8
Q

What are both the living and non living worlds both subject to?

A

The laws of chemistry and physics

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9
Q

What do living things share with non living things?

A

All the elements that make up the living things can be found in non living things

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10
Q

What does carbon do?

A

provides the backbone of life

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11
Q

What are the 3 most abundant chemicals in organisms?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

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12
Q

What % of known matter do hydrogen and helium make up?

A

99%

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13
Q

What elements make up most of the Earth’s crust?

A

Oxygen and Silicon mostly, with significant aluminium, iron and calcium

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14
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy can neither be created nor destroyed: it can only be transformed from one form to another

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15
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

the degree or disorder (or the number of possible positions and motions of molecules) in the universe tends to increase

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16
Q

What does entropy mean?

A

the amount of disorder (or the number of positions and motions of molecules) in a system

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17
Q

What were 2 experiments that support the hypothesis that life does not spontaneously occur?

A

Francesco Redi - Fly’s producing maggots on meat (open, closed, gauze)
Louis Pasteur - microbes and swan-neck flask

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18
Q

What is a cell?

A

simplest entity that can exist as an independent life unit
all cells contain a stable blueprint of information in molecular form; they have a discreet boundary that separates the interior of the cell from it’s external environment; they have the ability to harness materials and energy from the environment

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19
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

store and transmit information needed for growth function and reproduction

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20
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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21
Q

What is DNA?

A

a double stranded helix, contains genetic material, made up of 4 bases A,T,C,G information in DNA directs formation of proteins

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22
Q

How is a protein formed?

A

Copy of DNA information to more DNA (replication)
Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template (transcription)
RNA read and Amino acids determined (translation)

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23
Q

what is a gene? (Protein coding)

A

the DNA sequence that corresponds to a specific protein product

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24
Q

What is one of the advantages of DNA?

A

it can be easily replicated and passed from cell to cell

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25
How does replication work?
each strand of double helix serves as a template for a new strand It is precise as if not mutations may occur from errors in DNA (altering function)
26
What is the plasma membrane?
separates living material within the cell from the non living environment around it function is to control the movement of materials into and out of the cell
27
What is the nucleus?
houses the cell's DNA
28
What does the nuclear membrane do?
selectively controls what goes in and out
29
What is the cytoplasm?
liquid medium of cell, place where chemical reactions occur
30
If a cell has no nucleus what type of cell is it?
prokaryotic
31
If a cell has a nucleus what type of cell is it?
eukaryotic
32
What are most prokaryotes?
single celled (mainly bacteria)
33
What types of organisms are eukaryotes?
plants, animals, fungi, and protists
34
In multicellular organisms what do cells do?
specialise for specific functions
35
What are the 3 domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
36
What is metabolism?
converts energy from the environment into a form that can be used by cells chemical energy used to form/break down cells
37
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
38
What does ATP enable?
work in the cell, growth, division, active transport/cotransport (movement of substances in and out)
39
What is a virus?
genetic material that requires a cell to carry out it's own functions It is an infectious agent composed of a genome and protein coat that uses a host cell to replicate
40
How does Evolution occur? (natural selection)
when variation is present within a population of organisms, and when that variation can be inherited, the variants best able to grow and reproduce in a particular environment will contribute disproportionately to the next generation (natural selection), leading to a change in population over time (evolution)
41
What are the types of variation?
Genetic and Environmental
42
What is the ultimate source of genetic variation?
mutations
43
in what way do organisms show similarities?
in a nested pattern. e.g. humans are more similar to primates than other organisms, primates are more similar to mammals, mammals are more similar to vertebrae etc.
44
how can evolution be demonstrated?
lab experiments
45
What is environmental variation?
variation due to differences in environment
46
What is genetic variation?
difference in genetic material transferred from parents
47
What is Ecology?
the study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment in nature. These interactions are in part are driven by the anatomy, physiology, and behaviour of organisms.
48
For what proportion of life's history have humans lived for?
1/200 of 1% of life's 4 billion years of history
49
What is the issue with humans growing numbers and contributions on the planet?
leaving a large ecological and evolutionary footprint
50
What are the 4 necessities of life?
metabolism, sense/adjust/evolve, reproduce with heredity, border (membranes etc.)
51
What is a prion?
a type of protein that can cause disease
52
What are some examples of diseases caused by prions?
mad cow disease and wasting disease (deer and elk)
53
What are the three types of RNA needed to make a protein?
mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal)
54
What are the 5 kingdoms?
Bacteria, Animal, Plant, Protist, Fungi
55
What Elements are found in carbohydrates?
Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen
56
What elements are found in Lipids?
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen (sometimes phosphorous if phospholipid)
57
What elements are found in proteins?
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur
58
What elements are found in nucleic acids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous
59
What is a monomer of carbohydrate called?
monosaccharide
60
What are monomers of Lipids?
Fatty acids and glycerol
61
What are monomers of proteins?
amino acids
62
What are monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
63
What are polymers of carbohydrates (and examples)?
Polysaccharides, (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
64
What are some polymers of lipids?
oils and fats waxes cholesterol steroid hormones phospholipids
65
what are polymers of proteins?
polypeptides
66
What are polymers of nucleic acids?
RNA and DNA
67
What is the chemical structure of carbohydrates?
long chain of rings
68
WHat is the chemical structure of lipids?
n/a
69
What is the chemical structure of proteins?
primary, secondary and tertiary
70
What is the chemical structure of nucleic acids?
5 carbon sugar phosphate group nitrogenous base
71
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
energy provide structure
72
What is the main function of lipids?
cell membrane energy storage
73
What is the main function of proteins?
structural catalyse chemical reactions transport
74
What is the main function of nucleic acids?
holds information to control cellular activities
75
What are the bonds in carbohydrates?
Glycosidic bonds
76
What are the bonds in lipids?
Van der Waals forces
77
What are the bonds in proteins?
peptide bonds hydrogen bonds disulfide bonds/bridges
78
What are the bonds in nucleic acids?
phosphodiester bonds hydrogen bonds

BIOL-119-01 (8 decks)

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