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biochemistry review > Chapter 1: Life > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Life Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes have what basic organelles

A
  • Ribosomes
  • Flagella
  • Nucleiod
  • Pili
  • Mesosome
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
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2
Q

What is the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cell?

A
  • single chromosome (DNA molecule) is condensed to form the nucleiod
  • also contains numerous species of RNA
  • contains a variety of enzymes
  • contains thousands of ribosomes
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3
Q

Ribosomes are the site of what?

A

protein synthesis

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4
Q

Flagella are used for what?

A

locomotion

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5
Q

Pilil are used for what?

A

Sexual conjugation and for aiding in the attachment of bacterium to host cell

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6
Q

The nucleus is a structure of what?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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7
Q

The Nucleus is surrounded by what? and contains what?

A

Surrounded by a double membrane and contains a necleolus

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8
Q

How is the surface to volume ration different for eukaryotics than prokaryotics? why?

A

Eukaryotics have a much smaller surface to volume ratio than prokaryotics. This is because surface area increases as square of its radius where as volume increases as the cube.

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9
Q

The nucleus contains chromosomes which consist of what?

A

-chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein

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10
Q

In the nucleus the genetic material encoded by the DNA is transcribed into molecules of RNA which after extensive processing are what?

A

transported to cytoplasm where they direct ribosomal synthesis of proteins

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11
Q

The nuclear envelope consist of what?

A

double bound membrane that is perforated by numerous ~90 A- wide pores that regulate the flow of proteins and RNA between the nucleus and and cytoplasm

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12
Q

Nucleolus is the site of what?

A

Ribosomal assembly and is where genes are transcribed

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13
Q

After genes are transcribed in the nucleolus their resulting RNA is what?

A

combined with ribosomal proteins that have been transported from their site of synthesis in the cytosol.

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14
Q

After genes are transcribed and combined with ribosomal proteins in the nucleolous what happens?

A

The resulting immature ribosomals are then exported to the cytosol where their assembly is completed.

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15
Q

Protein synthesis occurs mostly entirely where?

A

In the cytosol.

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16
Q

What is the most extensive membrane in the cell?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is what?

A

studded with ribosomes that are engaged in the synthesis of proteins that are either membrane-bound or destined for secretion.

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18
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is what?

A

devoided of ribosomes and is the site of lipid synthesis.

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19
Q

Many of the products synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum are eventually transported where?

A

Golgi apparatus

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20
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Is a stack of flattened membranous sacs in which these products are further processed.

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21
Q

Mitochondria is the site of what?

A

site of cellular respiration in almost all eukaryotes

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22
Q

Mitochondria have what shape?

A

vary in size and shape but are often ellipsoidal

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23
Q

The mitochondria has two membranes. The outer membrane is what?

A

has a smooth outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane with invaginations called cristae.

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24
Q

The mitochondria has two membranes thus two compartments which are:

A

1) Intermembrane space

2) matrix space

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25
Q

The enzymes that catalyze the reactions of respiration are components of what?

A
  • either the gel like matrix

- or mitochondrial membrane

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26
Q

The matrix space of the mitochondria contains wha?

A
  • DNA
  • RNA
  • Ribosomes that participate in the synthesis of several mitochondrial components.
27
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Single membrane bounded organelle; Lysosomes contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes that function to digest materials ingested by endocytosis and recycle cellular components.

28
Q

How do lysosomes form?

A

Budding from the Golgi apparatus.

29
Q

Peroxisomes are also called microbodies which are what?

A

membrane-enclosed organelles

30
Q

Peroxisomes contain what?

A

oxidative enzymes

31
Q

What are peroxisomes function?

A

function to protect sensitive cell components from oxidative attack by hydrogen peroxide.

32
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

an extensive array of filaments that gives the cell its shape and ability to move. It is also responsible for the arrangement and motion of its organelles.

33
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers of what?

A

Nucleotides

34
Q

Proteins are polymers of what?

A

amino acids

35
Q

Polysaccharides are polymers of what?

A

monosaccharides

36
Q

Anabolism is responsible for what type of synthesis?

A

Fatty acid

37
Q

What does Anabolism do?

A

Converts small compounds to larger compounds

38
Q

Catabolism produces what?

A

produces ATP

39
Q

What does catabolism do?

A

Converts large compounds to smaller compounds

40
Q

What is result of Translation of RNA

A

protein

41
Q

What is the result of transcription of DNA

A

RNA

42
Q

What is the reverse transcription of RNA

A

DNA

43
Q

What is the result of replication of DNA

A

DNA

44
Q

What are the major components of organic molecules?

A

Carbon and Nitrogen

45
Q

microtubules are composed of what?

A

The protein tubulin

46
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

They form supportive framework that guides the movements of organelles within a cell.

47
Q

What are mitotic spindles?

A

An assembly of microtubules and associated proteins that participate in the separation of replicated chromosomes during cell division.

48
Q

microfilaments consist of what protein?

A

actin protein

49
Q

microfilaments interact with the protein myosin to do what?

A

form contractile assemblies that are responsible for many types of intracellular movements such as cytoplasmic streaming and the formation of cellular protuberances or invaginations.

50
Q

What are the three major components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Microtubules
  • Microfilaments
  • and Intermediate filaments
51
Q

Intermediate filaments have what function?

A

Load bearing function

52
Q

Keratin has an extensive network of what?

A

Intermediate filaments

53
Q

Plant cells have a cell wall composed of what?

A

Cellulose

54
Q

On addition to the organlles as most eukaryotes what additional features do plant cells have?

A
  • cell wall

- chloroplast

55
Q

what is a vacuole?

A

membrane-enclosed space filled with fluid

56
Q

What cells do vacuoles appear in?

A

animals and plants but more prominent in plant cells where they occupy 90% of the volume of a mature cell.

57
Q

Vacuole function as what?

A

storage depots for nutrients, wastes, and specialized materials such as pigments.

58
Q

The realitively high concentration of solutes inside a plant vacuole causes what?

A

causes it to take up water osmotically, thereby raising its internal pressure.

59
Q

chloroplast is what?

A

site of photosynthesis and generally several times larger than the mitochondria

60
Q

chloroplast has how many membranes?

A

2 membranes: internal and external

61
Q

Stroma is what?

A

Is the choloroplast’s internal membrane space which is similar to the mitochondria matrix in that it contain many soluble enzymes. however the stroma is not folded intro cristae.

62
Q

The stroma encloses what?

A

third membrane system what forms interconnected stacks of dislike sacs called thylakoids.

63
Q

Thylakoids are located where and does what?

A

located in the stroma which is located in the internal membrane space of the chloroplast; the thlakoids contain the pigment chlorophyl II

biochemistry review (13 decks)

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