Chapter 1 Learning Outcomes Flashcards
Define anatomy and psychology.
Anatomy: examining the structure of the human body.
Psychology: the study of the function of the human body.
Describe several ways of studying human anatomy.
Exploratory surgery, medical imaging, gross anatomy, histology, histopathology, cytology, and ultrastructure.
Define neurophysiology.
Physiology of the nervous system.
Define endocrinology.
Physiology of hormones.
Define pathophysiology.
Mechanisms of disease.
Define the inductive method
Making multiple observations until one becomes confident in drawing generalizations and predictions.
Define hypothetico-deductive method.
Most psychological knowledge gained by this method. Investigator formulates a hypothesis.
Define falsifiability.
If we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong.
Describe some aspects of experimental design that help to ensure objective and reliable results.
Sample size, controls, psychosomatic effects, experimenter bias, and statistical testing.
Define hypothesis.
An educated speculation or possible answer to the question.
Define scientific fact.
Information that can be independently verified.
Define law of nature.
Generalization about the way matter and energy behave, results from inductive reasoning and repeated observations.
Define theory.
An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses.
List the levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest.
Organism, organ system, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, and atoms.
Discuss the clinical significance of anatomical variation among humans.
Different number of vertebrae, lack certain muscles, atypical number of organs, and situs inversus.
Define situs inversus.
Left or right reversal of organ placement.
Describe the characteristics of life and their importance.
Organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution of a population.
Define organization.
Living things exhibit a higher level or organization than nonliving things.
Define cellular composition.
Living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells.
Explain the importance of physiological variations.
Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity, genetics, and environment.
What are the typical values in men?
22 years old, 154 lbs, light physical activity, and consumes 2,800 kcal a day.
What are the typical values in women?
22 years old, 128 lbs light physical activity, and consumes 2,000 kcal a day.
