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Human Growth & Development > Chapter 1 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Human Development

A

The multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time.

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2
Q

Nature vs. Nurture Issue

A

The degree to which genetic or hereditary influences (nature) and experiential or environmental influences (nurture) determine the kind of person you are.

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3
Q

Continuity–Discontinuity Issue

A

Whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the life span (continuity) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity).

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4
Q

Universal and Context-Specific Development Issue

A

Whether there is one path of development or several paths.

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5
Q

Biological Forces

A

All genetic and health-related factors that affect development.

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6
Q

Psychological Forces

A

All internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development.

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7
Q

Sociocultural Forces

A

Interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development.

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8
Q

Life-Cycle Forces

A

Differences in how the same event affects people of different ages.

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9
Q

Biopsychosocial Framework

A

A useful way to organize the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces on human development.

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10
Q

Neuroscience

A

The study of the brain and nervous system, especially in terms of brain–behavior relationships.

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11
Q

Theory

A

An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development.

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12
Q

Psychodynamic Theories

A

Theories proposing that development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages.

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13
Q

Psychosocial Theory

A

Erikson’s proposal that personality development is determined by the interaction of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands.

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14
Q

Epigenetic Principle

A

In Erikson’s theory, the idea that each psychosocial strength has its own special period of particular importance.

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15
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learning paradigm proposed by B. F. Skinner in which the consequences of a behavior determine whether a behavior is repeated.

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16
Q

Reinforcement

A

Consequence that increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated in the future.

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17
Q

Punishment

A

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior that it follows.

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18
Q

Imitation or Observational Learning

A

Learning that occurs by simply watching how others behave.

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19
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

People’s beliefs about their own abilities and talents.

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20
Q

Information-Processing Theory

A

Theory proposing that human cognition consists of mental hardware and mental software.

21
Q

Ecological Theory

A

Theory based on idea that human development is inseparable from the environmental contexts in which a person develops.

22
Q

Microsystem

A

The people and objects in an individual’s immediate environment.

23
Q

Mesosystem

A

Provides connections across microsystems.

24
Q

Exosystem

A

Social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development.

25
Q

Macrosystem

A

The cultures and subcultures in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded.

26
Q

Competence

A

Upper limit of a person’s ability to function in five domains: physical health, sensory-perceptual skills, motor skills, cognitive skills, and ego strength

27
Q

Environmental Press

A

Physical, interpersonal, or social demands that environments put on people.

28
Q

Life-Span Perspective

A

View that human development is multiply determined and cannot be understood within the scope of a single framework.

29
Q

selective optimization with compensation (SOC) model

A

Model in which three processes (selection, optimization, and compensation) form a system of behavioral action that generates and regulates development and aging.

30
Q

life-course perspective

A

Description of how various generations experience the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces of development in their respective historical contexts

31
Q

systematic observation

A

Watching people and carefully recording what they do or say.

32
Q

naturalistic observation

A

Technique in which people are observed as they behave spontaneously in a real-life situation.

33
Q

structured observations

A

Technique in which a researcher creates a setting that is likely to elicit the behavior of interest.

34
Q

self-reports

A

People’s answers to questions about the topic of interest.

35
Q

reliability

A

The extent to which a measure provides a consistent index of a characteristic.

36
Q

validity

A

Extent to which a measure actually assesses what researchers think it does.

37
Q

populations

A

Broad groups of people that are of interest to researchers.

38
Q

sample

A

A subset of the population

39
Q

correlational study

A

Investigation looking at relations between variables as they exist naturally in the world.

40
Q

correlation coefficient

A

An expression of the strength and direction of a relation between two variables.

41
Q

experiment

A

A systematic way of manipulating the key factor(s) that the investigator thinks causes a particular behavior.

42
Q

independent variable

A

The factor being manipulated in an experiment.

43
Q

dependent variable

A

The behavior being observed in an experiment.

44
Q

qualitative research

A

Method that involves gaining in-depth understanding of human behavior and what governs it.

45
Q

longitudinal study

A

A research design in which the same individuals are observed or tested repeatedly at different points in their lives.

46
Q

cross-sectional study

A

Study in which developmental differences are identified by testing people of different ages.

47
Q

cohort effects

A

Problem with cross-sectional designs in which differences between age groups (cohorts) may result as much from environmental events as from developmental processes.

48
Q

sequential design

A

Developmental research design based on cross-sectional and longitudinal designs

49
Q

meta-analysis

A

A tool that enables researchers to synthesize the results of many studies to estimate relations between variables.

Human Growth & Development (2 decks)

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