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Psychology Unit 1 > Chapter 1 - Key Science Skills > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Key Science Skills Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology?

A

The scientific investigation of mental processes (thinking, remembering and feeling) and behaviour.

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2
Q

What is science?

A

A field and practice obtains knowledge and generates theories through observation and experiment.

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3
Q

What is scientific research?

A

Ideas and theories generated through observation and experiment.

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4
Q

What is empirical evidence?

A

Information obtained through direct and systematic observation or experiment.

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5
Q

What ideas are non-scientific?

A

Ideas formed without empirical evidence or the use of scientific methods or principles.

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6
Q

What is pseudoscience?

A

Beliefs, theories, and practices that are mistakenly regarded as, or claim to be scientific, but are not because they do not use the methods of science.

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7
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

A procedure used to obtain knowledge that involves hypothesis formulation, testing, and retesting through processes of experimentation, observation, measurement, and recording.

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8
Q

What is a model?

A

A Representation of a concept, process, or behaviour, often made to simplify or make something easier to understand.

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9
Q

What is a theory?

A

A proposition or set of principles that is used to explain something or make predictions about relationships between concepts.

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10
Q

What is the aim?

A

A statement outlining the purpose of an investigation.

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11
Q

What is the hypothesis?

A

A testable prediction about the outcome of an investigation. It identifies the population, the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.

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12
Q

What is a variable?

A

A condition or component of an experiment that can be measured or manipulated.

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13
Q

What is the population?

A

The group of people who are the focus of the research and from which the sample is drawn.

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14
Q

What is a controlled experiment?

A

A type of investigation in which the causal relationship between two variables is tested in a controlled environment; more specifically, the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is tested while aiming to control all other variables.

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15
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The variable for which quantities are manipulated (controlled, selected, or changed) by the researcher, and the variable that is assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable.

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16
Q

What is the controlled variable?

A

Variables other than the independent variable that a researcher holds constant (controls) in an investigation, to ensure that changes in the dependent variable are entirely due to changes in the independent variable.

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17
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The variable the researcher measures in an experiment for changes it may experience due to the effect of the independent variable.

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18
Q

Is psychology a science?

A

Psychology is a science because its claims meet many of the key and relevant features of science including verifiability, objectivity, and provisionality and it often uses the scientific method.

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19
Q

How research occurs?

A
  1. Write a research question
  2. Identify the aim
  3. Formulate a hypothesis
  4. Design the method
  5. Collect and analyse the data
  6. Report the findings
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20
Q

What is the research question?

A

What you want to know.

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21
Q

How might the aim to written?

A

To test/investigate the effect/impact of (the independent variable) on (the dependent variable).

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22
Q

What does the conditions of the independent variable mean?

A

The different levels or groups of the independent variable.

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23
Q

What is a directional prediction?

A

Included in the hypothesis, it is whether we get more or less of the dependent variable when we add in or change the independent variable.

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24
Q

Identify the population, the conditions of the IV, DV and the directional prediction in the following:

A

It is hypothesised that VCE students who study for one hour per day will report lower levels of stress, during the examination period than those who complete not study.

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25
Q

Investigation methodologies means the same thing as what?

A

Research methodologies.

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26
Q

What is a method?

A

The method outlines how the research is going to be conducted.

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27
Q

What are investigation/research methodologies?

A

They are any of the different processes, techniques and/or types of studies researchers use to obtain information about psychological phenomena.

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28
Q

What is an experiment?

A

An experiment is when a cause and effect relationship is measured, by testing the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable, in a controlled environment.

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29
Q

What are extraneous variables?

A

Any variable that is not the independent variable, but may cause unwanted effect of the dependent variable.

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30
Q

What are some examples of extraneous variables?

A

Time of day
Setting/environment
Participants interest in the topic
Demographic variables

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31
Q

If the researcher decides to control one or more of the extraneous variables what do/does they/it become?

A

A controlled variable.

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32
Q

In an experiment what is the control group?

A

The group used as a basis for comparison, so they are not exposed to experimental conditions or receive no experimental treatment or intervention.

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33
Q

In an experiment what is the experimental group?

A

The group exposed to the experimental conditions or to a manipulated independent variable.

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34
Q

In an experiment which group has the independent variable applied and which one does not?

A

IV applied = experimental group
IV not applied = control group

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35
Q

What are the three main ways to design a controlled experiment?

A

Between subjects
Within subjects
Mixed method

36
Q

What is a between-subjects design?

A

An experimental design in which individuals are divided into different groups and complete only one experimental condition.

37
Q

What is a within-subjects design?

A

An experimental design in which participants complete every experimental condition. (reduces participant variables)

38
Q

What are the two types of between subjects design?

A

Independent groups design - participants are randomly assigned.
Matched participant design - participants are first paired according to an important characteristic and then one person from each pair is randomly assigned.

39
Q

What is a mixed method design?

A

An experimental design which combines different elements of within-subjects and between-subjects designs.

40
Q

What is a fundamental difference between experiments and correlational studies?

A

Experiments involve active manipulation of at least one variable, whereas correlational studies only involve measuring variables.

41
Q

What is a correlational study?

A

A type of non-experimental study in which researchers observe and measure the relationship between two or more variables without active control or manipulations of them.

42
Q

What is a case study?

A

An in-depth investigation of an individual, group, or particular phenomenon (activity, behaviour, event, or problem) that contains a real or hypothetical situation and includes the complexities that would be encountered in the real world.

43
Q

What is the process of classification?

A

The arrangement of phenomena, objects, or events into manageable sets.

44
Q

What is the process of identification?

A

A process of recognition of phenomena as belonging to particular sets or possibly being part of a new or unique set.

45
Q

What is fieldwork?

A

Any research involving observation and interaction with people and environments in real-world settings, conducted beyond the laboratory.

46
Q

What is literature review?

A

The process of collating and analysing secondary data related to other people’s scientific findings and/or viewpoints in order to answer a question or provide background information to help explain observed events, or as preparation for an investigation to generate
primary data.

47
Q

What is modelling?

A

The construction and/or manipulation of either a physical model, such as a small- or large-scale representation of an object, or a conceptual model that represents a system involving concepts that help people know, understand, or simulate the system.

48
Q

What is product, process, or system development?

A

The design or evaluation of an artefact, process, or system to meet a human need, which may involve technological applications, in addition to scientific knowledge and procedures.

49
Q

What is simulation?

A

A process of using a model to study the behaviour of a real or theoretical system.

50
Q

What are some different types of scientific investigation?

A

Case study
Fieldwork
Correlational studies
Literature reviews
Modelling and simulation
Classification and identification
Product, process, or system development

51
Q

What is the population?

A

The group of people who are the focus of the research and from which the sample is drawn.

52
Q

What is a sample?

A

A subset or part of the research population who participate in the study/

53
Q

What does it mean to generalise?

A

Using a sample’s results to make conclusions about the wider research population.

54
Q

What is generalisability?

A

The ability for a sample’s results to be used to make conclusions about the wider research population.

55
Q

What makes a good sample?

A
  1. Representative - any relative characteristics in the population should be reflected in the sample in the same proportions.
  2. Relatively large - the larger the sample, the more likely it is that is will accurately represent the population.
56
Q

What are some of the types of sampling?

A

Convenience sampling
Random sampling
Stratified sampling

57
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

Any sampling technique that involves selecting readily available members of the population

58
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Any sampling technique that uses a procedure to ensure every member of the population has the same
chance of being selected.

59
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

A sampling technique where the population is broken into subgroups (strata) and participants are selected from each group to be apart of the sample, ensuring that each group is proportionally represented in the sample.

60
Q

What is a strength and limitation of convenience sampling?

A

Strength - time and cost effective.
Limitation - is unlikely to be representative of the whole population

61
Q

What is a strength and limitation of random sampling?

A

Strength - free from bias
Limitation - is unlikely to be representative of the whole population if sample is too small.

62
Q

What is a strength and limitation of stratified sampling?

A

Strength - more representative of the whole population.
Limitation - time consuming.

63
Q

What is random allocation?

A

Is when every member of the sample has an equal chance of being in the control of experimental group.

64
Q

What is allocation?

A

It is when the people in the sample are put in either the control or experimental group.

65
Q

What are the different types of extraneous variables?

A

Participant-related variables
Non-standardised instructions
Order effects
Placebo effect
Experimenter effect

66
Q

What are participant related variables?

A

Individual differences between participants. They are the characteristics of a study’s participants that may affect the results.

67
Q

What are non-standardised instructions and procedures?

A

When directions and procedures differ between participants or across experimental conditions. (Instructions maybe explained differently to different groups).

68
Q

What are order effects?

A

The tendency for the order in which participants complete experimental conditions to have an effect on behaviour.

69
Q

What are practice effcts?

A

You may get better at something because you have done it before.

70
Q

What are fatigue effects?

A

Because you have done it before you may be familiar and comfortable with it or bored and tired of it and so you won’t take it as seriously, potentially resulting in more errors or shortcuts.

70
Q

The order in which participants complete experimental conditions can impact results in which two main ways?

A

Practice effects and fatigue effects.

70
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

When participants respond to an inactive substance or treatment (the experiment) as a result of their expectation or beliefs).

71
Q

What is the experimenter effect?

A

Usually occurring subconsciously, it is when the behaviour or expectations of the researcher affects the results of an experiment.

71
Q

What happen is an extraneous variable has had an impact on the dependent variable?

A

It becomes what is known as a confounding variable.

72
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

A variable other than the independent variable that has a systematic effect on the dependent variable.

73
Q

What is counterbalancing?

A

A method to reduce order effects that involves ordering experimental conditions in a certain way. One group do the experiment in one order and then the other group doing in the opposite order.

74
Q

What is a single-blind procedure?

A

A procedure in which participants are unaware of the experimental group or condition they have been allocated to.

75
Q

What is a double-blind procedure?

A

A procedure in which both participants and the experimenter do not know which conditions or groups participants are allocated to.

76
Q

What is placebo?

A

An inactive substance or treatment.

77
Q

Can all extraneous variables be prevented?

A

No.

78
Q

What is the difference between extraneous and confounding variables?

A

The difference between extraneous and confounding variables is not whether they can controlled, but whether or not they have been shown at the conclusion of an experiment to have systematically and directly affected results.

79
Q

What are some ways to prevent extraneous and confounding variables?

A

Single-blind procedures
Double-blind procedures
Standadised instructions and procedures.

80
Q

Confounding variables are variables that what?

A

That have systematically and directly affected the dependent variable in an unwanted way.

81
Q

The placebo effect occurs when what?

A

When participants have a response to an inactive intervention due to their expectations and beliefs.

82
Q
A

Psychology Unit 1 (1 decks)

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