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Human Bio - Chapters 1 - 2.2 > Chapter 1 - Investigation Human Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Investigation Human Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is science?

A

A process of inquiry/a body of knowledge

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2
Q

What is Human Biology?

A

An area of science that studies humans and their interactions. It utilises a wide range of fields to develop an in-depth knowledge of humans.

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3
Q

What is a literature review?

A

Process of reviewing books, scientific journals, and the internet to see what info. has already been collected by others in order to build on past discoveries and not accidentally duplicate work done by others.

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4
Q

What is observation?

A

Information gathered by the senses or instruments that enhance the senses, e.g. a microscope/stethoscope

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5
Q

What is classification and its purpose?

A

Grouping things based on the similarity of their characteristics. It facilitates scientific study by highlighting the similarities and differences between groups and making communication easier.

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6
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

Preliminary work:
1. Literature review
2. Identify parameters of investigation (control variables, little details about the experiment e.g. do with shoes on, hands up etc.)

  1. Identify the problem/question
  2. Identify variables
  3. Develop hypothesis (supported or disproved)
  4. Prediction made off hypothesis
  5. Test hypothesis
  6. Presentation of data
  7. Interpreting the data
  8. Evaluate the experiment
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7
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The factor being deliberately changed to determine its effect on the dependent variable.

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8
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The variable being measured.

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9
Q

What are control variables?

A

Factors kept same for the control and experimental groups.

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10
Q

What is a fair test?

A

An experiment where only the independent variable is changed, the controls are kept the same.

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11
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Observations

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12
Q

Reliability of an experiment

A
  • Repetition (consistency of data)
  • Replication/duplication of another experiment (to see the difference between control and experimental group. Reduces the impact of biological variation and sources of error)
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13
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Measurement

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14
Q

How was this experiment made valid in terms of fairness, preciseness and reliability?

A

Fairness - we kept variables x, y and z the same FOR ALL PARTICIPANTS
Preciseness - we made it precise by weighing using the spring balance or counting the bubbles every second
Reliability - we made it reliable by increasing the sample size or repeating it 3 times

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15
Q

What does data analysis involve?

A
  • Calculating total and average, eliminating outliers
  • Graphical analysis - enables us to see patterns and trends in the data more easily
  • Written analysis - overall statement, identify some trends using evidence from data.
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16
Q

What are the limitations of an experiment?

A

Outliers due to uncontrolled variables

17
Q

What to involve in an evaluation?

A

Validity, reliability, limitations, improvements (e.g. extending the range), how you can go further with the same equipment e.g. experiment on older people.

18
Q

Experimental error: human error

A

A mistake made by a human e.g. incorrectly reading the scale on an instrument. Can be avoided with sufficient care and checking.

19
Q

Experimental error: random error

A

Unpredictable, can occur in all experiments. They occur because no measurement can be made with absolute precision. E.g. if using stopwatch to time how long it takes a person to do something, sometimes it will be stopped too early/too late. Impact of the error can be reduced by taking several measurements and averaging them

20
Q

Experimental error: systematic error

A

Occur because of the way an experiment is designed or due to problems with equipment. In this case, a measurement is always too high or too low. Cannot be reduced by averaging, only solution is to change the experimental procedure or equipment.

21
Q

What are ethics and ethical behaviour?

A

Ethics - a set of moral principles/values

Ethical behaviour - behaviour that conforms to these principles/values

22
Q

List the ethical considerations present when conducting an experiment.

A
  1. Voluntary participation
  2. Informed consent
  3. Risk of harm
  4. Confidentiality
  5. Anonymity
23
Q

What is a placebo and its aim?

A

A substance/item that looks exactly like what is being given to the experimental group but is fake. It aims to rid the placebo effect (when patients who are given a placebo show an improvement in their condition even though the placebo is inactive)

24
Q

Why does the placebo effect occur?

A

Due to the patient’s belief that the placebo is real therapy that will bring about improvement.

25
Q

What is a blind experiment?

A

Experiment where the subject does not know whether they are receiving the treatment or the placebo.

26
Q

What is a double blind experiment and why is it used?

A

Experiment where neither the researchers nor the subjects know who is receiving the treatment or the placebo. This reduces the risk of bias due to the placebo effect.

27
Q

What is accuracy?

A

How correct/true the measurements are. Is possible if correct measuring equipment used.

28
Q

What is precision?

A

The degree of details equipment allows

29
Q

What is reliability?

A

How similar the results are for trials of the same test.

30
Q

What is objectivity?

A

The quality of being objective or without bias

31
Q

What is bias?

A

The action of supporting or opposing a particular person or thing in an unfair way, because of allowing personal opinions to influence your judgment

32
Q

What is voluntary participation?

A

People should not be pressured into taking part in the research

33
Q

What is informed consent?

A

Participants should be fully informed of the objectives of the research, procedures, possible risks/benefits. Consent should be in writing.

34
Q

What is risk of harm?

A

With some research (e.g. testing drugs), it is difficult to ensure there is no risk that participants will be harmed, but possibility/severity of harm should be minimised.

35
Q

What is confidentiality?

A

Procedures need to be adopted to ensure that the identities of participants will not be revealed to people except those directly involved in the study

36
Q

What is FOV?

A

The diameter of the circle of view (area seen through the eyepiece)

37
Q

What does increase in magnitude do to FOV?

A

Decrease in FOV

38
Q

What is resolution?

A

The degree of detail you can see, the ability to distinguish between two points (taking off glasses, edges of periodic table blur)

Human Bio - Chapters 1 - 2.2 (2 decks)

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