Chapter 1: Introduction to the human body

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

The state of relative stability of the body’s internal environment.

Question 2

Feedback systems

Answer 2

corrective cycles that help restore the conditions needed for health and life.

Question 3

Anatomy

Answer 3

is the science of body structures and the relationships among them.

Question 4

Physiology

Answer 4

is the science of body functions (how the body works

Question 5

Levels of structural organization in the human body

Answer 5

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organismal

Question 6

Chemical level

Answer 6

This is the most basic level and includes atoms and molecules.

Question 7

Atoms

Answer 7

are the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions.

Question 8

Molecules

Answer 8

two or more atoms joined together.

Question 9

Cellular level

Answer 9

Molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals.

Question 10

Cells

Answer 10

are the smallest living units in the human body.

Question 11

Tissues and tissue level

Answer 11

Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function. There are four basic types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue

Question 12

Organ level

Answer 12

At the organ level, different types of tissues are joined together.

Question 13

Organs

Answer 13

are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.

Question 14

System level

Answer 14

a system consists of related organs with a common function.

Question 15

Organismal level

Answer 15

An organism is all the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism.

Question 16

The 6 most important life processes in the human body

Answer 16

Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction

Question 17

Metabolism

Answer 17

is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body. There are 2 phases: catabolism and anabolism

Question 18

Catabolism

Answer 18

the break-down of complex chemical substances into simpler components

Question 19

Anabolism

Answer 19

the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

Question 20

Responsiveness

Answer 20

is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes. For example a fever represents a change in the internal environment

Question 21

Movement

Answer 21

includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells.

Question 22

Growth

Answer 22

is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both.

Question 23

Differentiation

Answer 23

is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state. Such precursor cells, which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation, are known as stem cells.

Question 24

Reproduction

Answer 24

refers to either (1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or (2) the productions of a new individual

Question 25

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 25

the fluid within cells

Question 26

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Answer 26

the fluid outside of cells. The ECF found in blood vessels is blood plasma, in lymphatic vessels is called lymph, around the brain and spinal cord is cerebrospinal fluid, in joints its synovial fluid and around the eyes is aqueous humor.

Question 27

Interstitial fluid

Answer 27

The ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues.

Question 28

Feedback system

Answer 28

Also known as a feedback loop. Is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated. Contains three basic components: a recptor, control center, and an effector.

Question 29

Controlled variable

Answer 29

Each monitored variable such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose.

Question 30

Stimulus

Answer 30

Any disruption that changes a controlled condition.

Question 31

Receptor

Answer 31

Is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center. This pathway is called an afferent pathway, since the information flows toward the control center. The input is in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals.

Question 32

Control Center

Answer 32

In the body, for example, the brain, sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and