Chapter 1 - Introduction To Statistics

Question 0

Definition of population

Answer 0

A population is the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study

Question 1

Definition of statistics

Answer 1

The term statistics refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information.

Question 2

Definition of sample

Answer 2

A sample is a set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study

Question 3

What are the two halves of the full relationship between a sample and it’s population?

Answer 3

First, a sample is being selected from a population.

Second, the goal is to generalize the results back to the entire population.

Question 4

Definition of variable

Answer 4

A variable is a characteristic or condition changes or has different values for different individuals

Question 5

Definition of data

Answer 5

Data are measurements or observations. A data set is a collection of measurements or observations. A datum is a single measurement or upset ration and is commonly called a score or raw score.

Question 6

A characteristic that describes a population, for example, the population average, is called a …

Answer 6

… Parameter.

Question 7

A characteristic that describes a sample is called a …

Answer 7

Statistic.

Question 8

A parameter is a …

Answer 8

… value, usually a numerical value, that describes a population.

Question 9

A parameter is usually …

Answer 9

… derived from measurements of the individuals in the population.

Question 10

A statistic is a…

Answer 10

… value usually any numerical value, that describes a sample.

Question 11

Typically, every population parameter has a …

Answer 11

… corresponding sample statistic.

Question 12

Definition of descriptive statistics

Answer 12

Descriptive statistics are statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data.

Question 13

Inferential statistics

Answer 13

Inferential statistics consist of techniques that allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected.

Question 14

Definition of sampling error

Answer 14

Sampling error is that discrepancy, or amount of error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter.

Question 15

where can we observe sampling error

Answer 15

When we compared to samples from the same population

Question 16

N stands for …

Answer 16

… Number of scores in a population.

Question 17

n stands for …

Answer 17

… number of scores in a sample.

Question 18

Datum:

Answer 18

A single measurement or observation.

Question 19

Quasi-independent variable:

Answer 19

In a nonexperimental study, the “independent variable” that is used to create the different groups of scores is often called the quasi-independent variable.

Question 20

Raw score:

Answer 20

Another term for a single “datum” or “score”.

Question 21

Construct:

Answer 21

Constructs are internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior.

Question 22

Discrete variable:

Answer 22

Consisting of indivisible categories. No values exist btw two neighboring categories.

Question 23

Operational definition:

Answer 23

An operational definition identifies a measurement procedure (a set of operations) for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of a hypothetical construct.

Question 24

Continuous variable:

Answer 24

An infinite number of possible values lie btw any two observed values.

Question 25

Real limits:

Answer 25

A

Question 26

Upper real limit:

Answer 26

A

Question 27

Lower real limit:

Answer 27

A

Question 28

Nominal scale:

Answer 28

A

Question 29

Ordinal scale:

Answer 29

A

Question 30

Interval scale:

Answer 30

A

Question 31

Ratio scale:

Answer 31

A

Question 32

In the correlational method,

Answer 32

two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them.