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Test Theory > Chapter 1 - introduction to psychological tests and their use > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - introduction to psychological tests and their use Flashcards

1
Q

Test (definition)

A

a ciritcal examination, observation, or evaluation

  • > critical (especially important jucture)
  • > objective (standardized test procedure)
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2
Q

Psychological test (definition)

A

A systematic procedure for obtaining samples of behavior, relevant to cognitive, affective, or interpersonal functioning, and for scoring and evaluating those samples according to standards

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3
Q

Basic elements of the Definition of psychological testing

A
  1. Systematic procedures
  2. Samples of behavior
  3. cognitive, affective or interpersonal functioning
  4. evaluated and scored
  5. standards based on empirical data
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4
Q

Psychological tests are systematic procedures (Explanation and Rationale)

A
  • are characterizted by planning, uniformity and thoroughness
  • must be demonstrably objective and fair to be of use
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5
Q

Psychological tests are sample of behavior (Explanation and Rationale)

A
  • small subsets of a much larger whole

- sampling behavior is efficient because the time available is usually limited

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6
Q

The behaviors sampled are relevant to cognitive, affective, or interpersonal functioning (Explanation and Rationale)

A
  • samples are selected for their empirical or practical psychological significance
  • tests are tools
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7
Q

Test results are evaluated and scored (Explanation and Rationale)

A
  • numerical category system is applied to test results

- no questions about what the results of tests are

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8
Q

To evaluated tests it is necessary to have standards based on empirical data (Explanation and Rationale)

A
  • apply common criterion to test results

- the standards used are the only meaning those results have

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9
Q

The goal of testing is…

A
  • to make and assessment of an individual’s standing relative to a selected comparison group
  • assessment will be ussually quantitative in nature
  • psychometric theory (interpretation is tied to…)
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10
Q

Standardization

A
  • uniformity of teting procedure (Control of extraneous variables)
  • explicit reference to the results of a normative sample
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11
Q

The term “psychological test”

A

per se dominated procedures where responses are scored as correct vs. incorrect

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12
Q

Personality tests

A

responses are neither evaluated nor scored right-wrong or pass-fail
( inventories, questionaires, surveys, etc.)

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13
Q

Ability tests

A

tests that sample knowledge, skills, and cognitive functions

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14
Q

Psychometric scale

A

group of items that pertain to a single variable and are arranged in order of difficulty or intensity

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15
Q

Scaling

A

process of arriving at the sequencing of the items

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16
Q

Bettery

A

group of several tests, or subtests, that are administered at one time to one person (several test packaged togteher for a specific purpose)

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17
Q

Psychological tests as tools

A
  • tests serve as a purpose

- tests need to be applied appropriately and skillfully

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18
Q

2 distict points and ways at/in which test are evaluated

A
  1. Test as potential tools

2. Tests used for a specific purpose

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19
Q
  1. Test as potential tools (evaluation)
A

of primar concern are their technical qualities and the available empirical evidence base

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20
Q
  1. Tests used for a specific purpose
A

the focus shifts to the test user and the way she/her handles the test

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21
Q

Testing Standards and Guidelines

A

• Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (AERA, APA,
NCME)
• International Test Commission (ITC)
• National test commissions (Germany: DGPs [DTK])

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22
Q

Psychological tests as prodcuts

A

while generally intended to improve an individual’s fucntioning, tests are commercial products and must make profit

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23
Q

Testing standards

A

„The interests of the various parties involved in the

testing process may or may not be congruent“

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24
Q

Participants in the testing process

A
  1. Test authors and developers
  2. Test publishers
  3. Test reviewers
  4. Test users
  5. Test sponsors
  6. Test administrators or examiners
  7. Test takers
  8. Test scorers
  9. Test score interpreters
25
Q

Test authors and

developers

A

To conceive, prepare, and develop tests. To disseminate their tests by publishing them either commercially or through professional publications

26
Q

Test publishers

A

To publish, market, and sell tests, thus controlling their distribution

27
Q

Test reviewers

A

To evaluate tests based on their technical and practical merit

28
Q

Test users

A

To select specific tests and use them for some purpose

29
Q

Test sponsors

A

Institutional boards or government agencies who contract test developers or
publishers for various testing services

30
Q

Test administrators

A

To administer the test either to one indidual at a time or to groups

31
Q

Test takers

A

To take the test by choice or by necessity

32
Q

Test scorers

A

To transform the raw responses of testees into test scores through objective or
mechanical scoring

33
Q

Test score interpreters

A

To interpret the results to their ultimate consumers

34
Q

History of psychological testing

- in the occupational realm

A

How to select the best possibel individual for a given job

35
Q

History of psychological testing (in the field of education)

A

How to make sure that students have acquired the knowledge taught in a course?

36
Q

History of psychological testing

- in clinical psychology

A
  • how to differentiate the normal from the upnormal?

- instruments devsised to assess cognitive functioning in patients with disorders

37
Q

History of psychological testing

- in scientific psychology

A

Development of standardized procedures as a consequence of the rise of experimental psychology
-> interested in interindividual differences

38
Q

Foundation for the rise of modern testing

A
  1. Lab test and tools
  2. Measurement instruments and statistical techniques (developed by Galton)
  3. an accretion of signficiant findings in the budding of sciences of psychology
39
Q

Binet-Scale, 1905

A

development of the first intelligence test

practical need to make deceisions in educational placement

40
Q

the IQ, Stern 1911

A

mental age score devided by chronological age (typical for one’s age group)

41
Q

Group testing

A

developing a group test of intelligence that could be administered to all recrutis (WW1)

42
Q

Standardized Testing in educational settings (two developments)

A
  1. Achievement test

2. Apptitude test

43
Q

Achievement test

A
  • standardized test designed to evaluated arithmetic, reading and spelling skills (results)
  • crystallized intelligence
44
Q

Apptitude test

A
  • emphasize the verbal, quantitative, and reasoning abilities needed for success in most academic endeavors
  • rather stable (fluid intelligence)
45
Q

Personal testing and vacational guidance

Tests of specific skills and aptitudes

A
  • job analysis

- administering tests designed to assess those skills and correlating the test results with measures of job performance

46
Q

Personal Testing and Vocational guidance

- multiple aptitude batteries

A

profile the strength and weaknesses of an individuals by providing seperate scores on various factors such as verbal, numerical, spatial and logical reasoning, etc.

47
Q

Personal Testing and Vocational Guidance

- Measures of interests

A

concerning preferences for reading materials and leisure activitities

48
Q

Clinical testing (three types)

A
  1. Personality inventories
  2. Projective techniques
  3. Neuropsychological tasks
49
Q

Personality inventories

A
  • identify a normal individuals and problems
  • featured many dimensions
    (reducing social desirability)
50
Q

Projective techniques

A
  • additional help in diagnosing and treating mental illness

- not as objective (rely on qualitative interpretation)

51
Q

Neuropsychological tests

A
  • make connections between sth. you cannot depict

- brain-damage is no longer viewed as an all-or-none condition

52
Q

Current use of psycholgical tests

A
  • decision making
  • psychological resaerch
  • self-understanding and personal development
53
Q

Decision making

A

need to determine the bases upon which to select place, classify and deal with individuals, organizations, etc.

54
Q

Psychological resaerch

A
  • psychological phenomena

- individual differences

55
Q

Self-understanding and personal development

A

provide clients with info to promote self- understanding and positive growth

56
Q

Psychological assessment

A

the use of tests for making significant decisions about a person, a group, or a program should always be placed within this context

57
Q

Example of issues amenable to investigation through psychological assessment

A
  • diagnostic questions
  • making predictions
  • evaluative judgements
58
Q

Several dimensions that differentiate psychological testing and assessment

A
  • degree of complexity
  • duration
  • sources of data
  • focus
  • qualification to use
  • procedural bias
  • costs
  • purpose
  • degree of structure
  • evaluation of results

Test Theory (5 decks)

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