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Pathology > Chapter 1 - Introduction to Pathology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

Study of changes in structure and function as a result of disease including:

  • Cause, nature and course of disease
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2
Q

Disease

A

Unhealthy state caused by the affects of injury

  • Structural changes: result in abnormal function
  • Abnormal function: result in structural changes
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3
Q

Acute disease

A

Arises rapidly.

  • Distinct symptoms
  • Short duration
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4
Q

Chronic disease

A

Begins slowly.

  • Signs/symptoms difficult to interpret
  • Long duration
  • Not prevented by vaccine or cured with medication
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5
Q

Etiology

A

The cause of a disease

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6
Q

Idiopathic

A

Unknown cause

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7
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Sequence of events leading from causes to manifestations of the disease

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8
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Mechanism by which the abnormal function is spread

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9
Q

Sign

A

Manifestation of a disease seen by an observer

  • Vomitting
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10
Q

Symptom

A

Manifestation of a disease reported by the patient

  • Nausea
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11
Q

Syndrome

A

Collection of signs and symptoms

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12
Q

Lesion

A

Structural changes in a tissue or organ (change in morphology)

Localize change representing a wound or injury

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13
Q

Morbidity

A

Short term or long term disability due to a disease “illness”

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14
Q

Mortality

A

Outcome of a disease is death

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15
Q

Incidence

A

The frequency of a disease over a period of time in a given population

Incidence = # of new cases per year/
                     # of persons in the population

“Rate”

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16
Q

Prevalence

A

The number of cases present in a given population at any one time

Prevalence = # of persons with disease at
any moment in time/
# of persons in the population

”%”

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17
Q

Anatomic pathology

A

Structural.

Involves examination of solid tissues using:

  • Naked eye: “gross exam” “macroscopic”
  • Microscope: light and electron
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18
Q

Surgical pathology

A

Includes:

  • All material removed at surgery
  • Biopsies
  • Frozen sections
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19
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cells. Includes:

  • Cervical and vaginal smears: pap smear
  • Sputum smears: material coughed up
  • Urine and body fluid – bladder cells are shed during urination
  • Fine needle aspirates
  • Cellular materials obtained during endoscopic exams
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20
Q

Autopsy pathology

A

Necropsy

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21
Q

Routine hospital autopsy

A
  • Requires family’s permission
  • Quality control mechanism that evaluates clinical impressions of disease and results of treatment
  • Teaching and research tool: becomes data
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22
Q

Clinical pathology

A

– Functional

– Involves laboratory study of fluid tissues

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23
Q

Clinical chemistry

A

Blood levels of:

  • Electrolytes
  • Enzymes: released into the blood from damage cells
  • Hormones
  • Drugs
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24
Q

Infections

A

Virology, microbiology, parasitology

  • Identification of microorganisms
  • Evaluation of sensitivity of antibiotics
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25
Q

Immunology

A

Study of antibodies and antigens

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26
Q

Blood banking

A

Immunohematology

  • Blood types
  • Cross matches
  • Processing of blood components for transfusion
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27
Q

Hematology

A

Evaluation of blood cells and coagulation

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28
Q

Urinalysis

A
  • Dissolved substances: sugar, protein, drugs
  • Crystals
  • Cells (blood, bacteria)
  • Casts: coagulated clusters of protein formed in the kidney – kidney stones
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29
Q

Forensic pathology

A

Disease and death as they are related to law

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30
Q

Coroners autopsy

A

Jurisdiction of coroner defined by law

Includes:

  • Accident victims
  • Suicides, homocides
  • Sudden death without prior medical attention
  • Patients who die within 24 hours of admission
  • Patients who die on the operating table

*** Coroner may release body for private autopsy or burial without autopsy

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31
Q

Laboratory evaluation

A

Material from rape victims or alcohol and drug levels

32
Q

Heredity or congenital abnormalities

A

Present at birth

  • Genetic defects: - ranging from chromosome abnormality to single gene defects
    - may result in a metabolic abnormality at a cellular level or in the gross malformations
  • Developmental abnormalities: without definite genetic changes
33
Q

Physical injury

A
  • Trauma: fractures, cuts, crush, stretch

- Thermal: burns, freezing, radiation, electricity

34
Q

Chemical injury

A
  • Poison: soaps, bleach, insecticides, plants, venom
  • Drugs: aspirin, tranquilizers, narcotics, vitamins
  • Environmental hazards
35
Q

Inflammatory diseases

A
  • Infection: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoan, worms

- Non-infection inflammations

36
Q

Vascular diseases

A
  • Ischemia: too little blood to the tissues
  • Hypoxia: decreased oxygen (#1 cause ofcellular injury)
    - often cause of other disease
    - no oxygen > no ATP
    - no ATP > no function
37
Q

Neoplasia

A

Tumor production

  • Benign or malignant
  • Often named by presumed cell of origin
38
Q

Immunologic injury

A
  • Deficiencies: acquired or congenital
  • Hypersensitivities
  • Autoimmune diseases
39
Q

Degeneration

A

Often associated with aging

40
Q

Metabolic or nutritional deficiencies

A
  • Electrolyte imbalances
  • Deficiencies: vitamins, minerals, protein, calories
  • Excess: calories, glucose, lipid, vitamins, minerals
41
Q

Structural hierarchy of the body

A

Cells > tissues > organs > organ systems

42
Q

Cells

A

Smallest functional unit of the body

43
Q

Tissues

A

Collection of similar cells

44
Q

Organ

A

Several different tissues organized into a distinct functional structure

45
Q

Organ system

A

Different organs performing similar or related functions

46
Q

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

A

– Maintain cell structure

  • Participates in cell function:
    - Metabolically active
    - Transports substances across the membrane: active transport, phagocytosis
    - Forms intercellular junction’s to bind it tissues together
    - Contains receptor sites for active compounds (hormone receptors)
47
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center

  • Contains chromosomes: total genetic info for that individual
  • Sends out the instructions for the functioning of the cell in the form of RNA
48
Q

Organelles

A

Structural subunits of the cells found in the cytoplasm

49
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Cylindr or oval membrane-bound structures

- Produce energy to run cell

50
Q

Ribosomes

A

RNA protein complexes

  • Protein manufacturing centers
  • Often attached to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum
51
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of interlacing membrane and tubules

  • Manufacturing and packaging centers for the cell
  • Smooth ER: lipid
  • Rough ER: protein, due to fixed ribosomes
52
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound sax containing hydrolytic enzymes

  • Digestion and storage organelles
53
Q

Epithelium

A

Lining cells (protective) and glandular cells (secretion)

  • Originating from: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
  • Squamous cells urothelium, ciliated columnar cells, mucus secreting columnar cells, glandular cells
54
Q

Squamous cells

A

Flattened, pancake like cells covering body surfaces

  • Present as multiple layers or as a single layer of cells
  • Skin, mouth, esophagus
55
Q

Urothelium (transitional cells)

A
  • Layers of oval or domb shaped cells

- Urinary tract

56
Q

Ciliated columnar cells

A

Usually a single layer of tile cells with delicate feathery cilia at one end

  • Trachea, bronchi
57
Q

Mucus secreting columnar cells

A
  • GI tracked and salivary glands
58
Q

Glandular cells

A

Any cell which secretes or absorbs something

  • Liver, pancreas, thyroid, adrenal, kidney
59
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Structural cells: support and shape

  • Originate from mesoderm
  • Muscle, bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, fat, blood cells, endothelium, mesothelium
60
Q

Muscle

A
  • Skeletal
  • Smooth: G.I. tract, bronchi, blood vessels, uterus, bladder
  • Cardiac muscle: heart
61
Q

Bone

A
  • Osteocyte: maintain mature bone
  • Osteoblast: form new bone
  • Osteoclast: erode bone
62
Q

Cartilage

A
  • Chondrocyte: maintain mature cartilage

- Chondroblast: form new cartilage

63
Q

Fibrous tissue (CT proper)

A
  • Fibrocyte: maintain mature CT

- Fibroblast call in form new CT

64
Q

Fat

A

Adipose tissue

Lipoblast/lipocyte > adipocyte or fat cells

65
Q

Blood cells

A

Hematopoietic cells

66
Q

Endothelium

A

Epithelial lining of blood cells (exception to “linings)

  • Epithelium derived from mesenchyme > mesoderm
67
Q

Mesotheliom

A

Epithelial lining body cavities: serosae (exception to “linings”)

  • Epithelium derived from mesenchyme > mesoderm
68
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Histologically ectoderm, technically not mesenchyme

  • Neuron
  • Glia: support sells for neurons
69
Q

Healthy-normal test

A

True negative: 99%

70
Q

Healthy-abnormal test

A

False positive: 1%

71
Q

Sick-normal test

A

False negative: 1%

72
Q

Sick-abnormal test

A

True positive: 99%

73
Q

Sensitivity

A

The ability of a test to be positive in the presence of a disease

  • The test is 99% positive if it is positive in 99 of 100 persons known to have the disease
  • There’s a 1% chance of a false negative
  • Do this test 1st: will allow you to detect a lot of suspects (+) and won’t miss any sick patients
  • Pap smears, PSA tests
74
Q

Specificity

A

Ability of a test to be negative in the absence of disease

  • It is 99% specific if it is negative in 99 of 100 persons known not to have the disease
  • This allows you to sort out the true positives (actually sick) from those with false positives (healthy patients)
  • Cervical or prostate biopsy
75
Q

Note on Prevalence and Predictive Value

A

A test has high predictive value if the prevalence in the population is high

Pathology (6 decks)

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