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Microbiology Fundamentals > Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbes and Their Building Blocks > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbes and Their Building Blocks Flashcards

Terms

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

Invisible to the naked eye

A

Microscopic

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3
Q

A living thing ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification; an organism of microscopic.

A

Microorganisms

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4
Q

Prokaryotic single celled organisms of primitive origin that have unusual anatomy, physiology, and genetics, and live in harsh habitats.

A

Archae

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5
Q

Macroscopic and microscopic heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that can be uni- or multicellular.

A

Fungi

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6
Q

A group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms

A

Protozoa

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7
Q

A term that designates all parasitic worms

A

Helminths

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8
Q

Microscopic, acellular agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.

A

Viruses

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9
Q

A concocted word to denote “proteinaceous infectious agent”, a cytopathic protein associated with the slow-virus spongiform encephalopathies of humans and animals.

A

Prions

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10
Q

A cell that differs from a prokaryotic cell chiefly by having a nuclear membrane, membrane-bound subcellular organelles, and mitotic cell division.

A

Eukaryotic

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11
Q

Small cells lacking special structures such as a nucleus and organelles. All are microorganisms.

A

Prokaryotes

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12
Q

Present everywhere at the same time

A

Ubiquitous

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13
Q

A designation for bacteria and archaea

A

Akaryotes

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14
Q

Scientific principle that states that living things change gradually through hundreds of millions of years, and these changes are expressed in structural and functional adaptations in each organism. Evolution presumes that those traits that favor survival are preserved and passed on to following generations, and those traits that do not favor survival are lost.

A

Evolution

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15
Q

The evidence cited to explain how evolution occurs.

A

Theory of Evolution

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16
Q

A process occurring in plants, algae, and some bacteria that traps the sun’s energy and converts it to ATP in the cell, this energy is used to fix CO2 into organic compounds.

A

Photosynthesis

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17
Q

The intentional use by humans of living organisms or their products to accomplish a goal related to health or the environment.

A

Biotechnology

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18
Q

A field involving deliberate alterations of the genomes of microbes, plants, and animals through special technological processes.

A

Genetic Engineering

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19
Q

A technology, also known as genetic engineering, that deliberately modifies the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products, microbes, animals, plants, and viruses

A

Recombinant DNA Technology

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20
Q

Decomposition of harmful chemicals by microbes or consortia of microbes or insects.

A

Bioremediation

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21
Q

Any agent that causes disease

A

Pathogens

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22
Q

The state of damage or toxicity in the body caused by an infectious agent.

A

Infectious Disease

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23
Q

A small component of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a membrane and specialized in function.

A

Organelles

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24
Q

Early belief that living things arose from vital forces present in nonliving, or decomposing, matter

A

Spontaneous Generation

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25
Q

The belief in spontaneous generation as a source of life

A

Abiogenesis

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26
Q

Belief that living things can only arise from others of the same kind

A

Biogenesis

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27
Q

Completely free of all life forms, including spores and viruses

A

Sterile

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28
Q

Method of handling microbial cultures, patient specimens, and other sources of microbes in a way that prevents infection of the handler and others who may have been exposed

A

Aseptic Techniques

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29
Q

Large, molecular compounds assembled from smaller subunits, most notably biochemicals.

A

Macromolecules

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30
Q

A simple molecule that can be linked by chemical bonds to form larger molecules.

A

Monomers

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31
Q

A macromolecule made up of a chain of repeating units; starch, protein, DNA

A

Polymers

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32
Q

A compound containing primarily carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

A

Carbohydrate

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33
Q

A 6-carbon sugar such as glucose and fructose

A

Hexoses

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34
Q

A monosaccharide with five carbon atoms per molecule; arabinose, ribose, xylose

A

Pentoses

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35
Q

One of the carbohydrates commonly referred to as sugars. characterized by 6-carbon structure.

A

Glucose

36
Q

One of the carbohydrates commonly known as sugars. Commonly a fruit sugar

A

Fructose

37
Q

One of the carbohydrates commonly referred to as sugars. Commonly found in milk

A

Lactose

38
Q

One of the carbohydrates referred to as sugars. A fermentable sugar formed from starch.

A

Maltose

39
Q

One of the carbohydrates referred to as sugars. Common table or can sugar.

A

Sucrose

40
Q

A long, fibrous polymer composed of β -glucose; one of the most common substances on earth

A

Cellulose

41
Q

A polysaccharide found in seaweed and commonly used to prepare solid culture media.

A

Agar

42
Q

A network of polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides that forms the rigid part of bacterial cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria have a smaller amount of this rigid structure than do gram-positive bacteria.

A

peptidoglycan

42
Q

A polysaccharide similar to cellulose in chemical structure. This polymer makes up the horny substance of the exoskeletons of arthropods and certain fungi.

A

Chitin

43
Q

A molecular complex of lipid and carbohydrate found in the bacterial cell wall. The gram-negative bacteria are an endotoxin with generalized pathologic effects such as fever.

A

Lipopolysaccharide

44
Q

A filamentous network of carbohydrate-rich molecules that coats cells.

A

Glycocalyx

45
Q

A type of lipid composed of glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acids.

A

Triglycerides

46
Q

A 3-carbon alcohol, with three OH groups that serve as binding sites.

A

Glycerol

47
Q

Best-known member of a group of lipids called steroids. Commonly found in cell membranes and animal hormones.

A

Cholesterol

48
Q

Predominant organic molecule in cells, formed by longs chains of amino acids.

A

Proteins

49
Q

The building blocks of protein. Exist in 20 naturally occurring forms that impart different characteristics to the various proteins they compose.

A

Amino Acid

50
Q

Molecule composed of short chains of amino acids, such as a dipeptide (two amino acids), a tripeptide (3), and a tetrapeptide (4)

A

Peptide

51
Q

A relatively large chain of amino acids linked by peptide bond.

A

Polypeptide

52
Q

Initial protein organization described by type, number, and order of amino acids in the chain. This varies extensively from protein to protein.

A

Primary Structure

53
Q

Protein structure that occurs when the functional groups on the outer surface of the molecule interact by forming hydrogen bonds. These bonds cause the amino acid chain to either twist, forming a helix, or pleat into an accordion pattern called a β- pleated sheet.

A

Secondary Structure

54
Q

Protein structure that results from additional bonds forming between functional groups in a secondary structure, creating a three-dimensional mass.

A

Tertiary Structure

55
Q

A nonessential amino acid that is related to the essential amino acid cystine.

A

Cysteine

56
Q

Most complex protein structure, characterized by the formation of large, multiunit proteins by more than one of the polypeptides. This structure is typical of antibodies and some enzymes that act in cell synthesis.

A

Quaternary Structure

57
Q

A protein biocatalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions

A

Enzymes

58
Q

A large protein molecule evoked in response to an antigen that interacts specifically with that antigen.

A

Antibodies

59
Q

A polymeric strand of nucleotides; exist in two forms; ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

A

Nucleic Acid

60
Q

A nucleotide that is the primary source of energy to cells.

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

61
Q

The formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things.

A

Taxomy

62
Q

Scientific method of assigning names to organisms that employs two names to identify every organism genus name plus species name.

A

Binomial System

63
Q

In the levels of classification, the broadest general category to which an organism is assigned. Members of this chare only one of a few general characteristics.

A

Domain

64
Q

In the levels of classification, the second division from more general to more specific.

A

Kingdom

65
Q

In the levels of classification, the third level of classification from general to more specific. Divided into numerous divisions.

A

Phylum

66
Q

In the levels of classification, an alternate term for phylum.

A

Division

67
Q

In the levels of classification, the division of organisms that follows phylum.

A

Class

68
Q

In the levels of classification, the division of organisms that follows class. Increasing similarity may be noticed among organisms assigned to the same.

A

Order

69
Q

In the levels of classification, a midlevel division of organisms that groups more closely related organisms than previous levels.

A

Family

70
Q

In the levels of classification, the most specific level of organization.

A

Species

70
Q

In the levels of classification, the second-most-specific level.

A

Genus

71
Q

One of the three domains of living organisms that contains all eukaryotes.

A

Eukarya

72
Q

Category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls and circular chromosomes. This group of small cells is widely distributed in the earth’s habitats.

A

Bacteria

73
Q
A

saccharide

74
Q
A

monosaccharide

75
Q
A

disaccharides

76
Q
A

peptide bond

77
Q
A

nitrogen base

78
Q
A

phosphate

79
Q
A

Adenine

80
Q
A

Guanine

81
Q
A

Thymine

82
Q
A

Cytosine

83
Q
A

Uracil

Microbiology Fundamentals (2 decks)

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