Chapter 1: Introduction to Disease Flashcards
Homeostasis
Stable internal environment in changing external environment. An example would be that our bodies maintain a 98 degree temperature in a hot or cold room.
Disease
Deviation from homeostasis
Pathology
Path: disease
Ology: study of
Study of structural and forensic changes caused by disease.
Signs
Example
Something observable. An example would be a doctor recording your vitals.
Symptoms
Example
May not have signs and cannot see. An example would be abdominal pain or a headache. The patient feels it, but no one can see it occurring.
Syndrome
Example
Collection of sings and symptoms. An example would be HIV/AIDS.
Disorder
Example
Not linked to a cause. An example would be autism or ADHD.
Physical Exam
Given by doctor or medical professional. They observe you to make sure you are healthy. They would take vitals, look at posture, coloring, etc.
Palpation
‘Palp’ is so intense you can feel it. Applying pressure to observe patient’s reaction and look for indications.
Auscultation
Listening. Stethoscope would be an example.
Percussion
Tapping. Medical professionals can tell the size of organs, fluids, etc.
Electrocardiography (ECG)
reads the heart’s electrical impulses
Radiography
X-Rays to visualize internal structures
Computed Tomography (CT)
Scan uses computers and x-rays to create 3D images of internal structures
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Analyzes tissue responses to a strong magnetic field to create images of internal structures
Ultrasound
Analyzes the interaction of low-frequency sound waves with tissues to create moving images of internal structures
Nuclear Medicine
Uses radioactive materials to create contrast in the body and help form images of the structure and function of organs
Prognosis
Predicted course and outcome. May state the chances for complete recovery, predict the permanent loss of function, or probability of survival.
Acute
Type of disease that has sudden onset and short duration. Example would be influenza
Terminal
Diseases that end in death
Chronic
Disease that has slower, less severe onset and long duration. Example would be cancer, diabetes, and arthritis.
Remission
Period of time which signs and symptoms subside or disappear. Not considered a cure.
Exacerbation
Period of chronic disease when signs and symptoms recur in all their severity.
Relapse
Return of a disease
Complication
Conditions that develop in a patient already suffering from a disease
Sequelae
Aftermath of a particular disease
Mortality
Number of deaths attributed to a disease in a given time or place
Morbidity
Incidence of disease, frequency
Incidence
Rate of occurrence of new cases
Prevalence
Percentage of population that is affected with a particular disease at a given time
Epidemiology
Study of the occurrence, transmission, and control of diseases
Etiology
Cause of a disease
Pathogenesis
Source or cause of an illness or abnormal condition and its development
Idiopathic
Describes a disease for which the cause is not known
Heredity
Example
Abnormality in an individual’s genes or chromosomes.
Ex: Hemophilia and Cystic Fibrosis
Congenital
Example
Exist at or date from birth. From hereditary or development in uterus.
Ex: Tetralogy of Fallot
Degenerative
Example
Function of structure of the affected tissues or organs progressively deteriorates over time.
Ex: Osteoarthritis
Inflammatory
Example
Autoimmune and allergic. Result of abdominal immune infection.
Ex: Asthma
What are three infectious diseases?
TB, influenza, and syphilis
Neoplastic
Example
Result from abnormal growth that leads to the formation of tumors.
Ex: Lung cancer
Metabolic
Example
Disruption of normal metabolism, the process of converting food to energy on a cellular level
Ex: diabetes
Traumatic
Example
Physical or chemical injury
Ex: burns or fracture
Nutritional
Example
Over or under consumption of nutrients
Ex: Obesity
What are the five risk factors?
- Environmental
- Chemical
- Physiological
- Psychological
- Genetic
How do you maintain health and prevent disease?
be physically active, eat wisely, maintain a healthy weight, be tobacco free, limit alcohol, screening tests and immunizations, and manage stress.
Palliative
Example
Provide comfort and be pain free
Ex: Hospice, terminal cancer, and common cold.
Pharmacologic
Example
Drugs.
Ex: Antibiotics kill bacteria
Surgical
Example
Correct anatomical and physiological abnormalities.
Ex: remove tumor
Psychiatric/Psychological
Example
Mental disorders.
Ex: anxiety and depression
