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biological science > Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology and the Process of Science > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology and the Process of Science Flashcards

1
Q

the science that studies life

A

Biology

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2
Q

key characteristics of all living organisms

A

order, response to stimuli, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, homeostasis, and energy processing.

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3
Q

highly organized and consist of one or more cells

A

Organisms

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4
Q

remarkably complex

A

Single-celled organisms

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5
Q

inside each cell

A

atoms come together through chemical bonding and form molecules.

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6
Q

Molecules come together to form cell components or structures

A

organelles

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7
Q

consist of millions of cells

A

multicellular organisms

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8
Q

respond to diverse stimuli

A

Organisms

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9
Q

tiny bacteria can move toward or away from chemicals, a process called

A

chemotaxis

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10
Q

A movement toward a stimulus is considered a

A

positive response

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11
Q

movement away from a stimulus is regarded as a

A

negative response

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12
Q

necessary on both a cellular and organismal level

A

Reproduction

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13
Q

For a population to survive, some individuals within that population must

A

reproduce

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14
Q

begins by first duplicating their genetic material. Once the genetic material is duplicated, it is then divided equally into two new cells. The two new daughter cells should be identical to the parent cell.

A

Reproduction

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15
Q

are a consequence of evolution by natural selection

A

Adaptations

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16
Q

has had some impact on every lineage of reproducing organisms

A

Evolution

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17
Q

are vital because they enhance an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce; however, are not constant

A

Adaptations

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18
Q

causes the individuals in a population to adapt to those changes

A

natural selection

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19
Q

is often described as the processes that an individual goes through as it grows and matures

A

Development

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20
Q

or “steady state” is the ability of an organism to regulate and maintain constant internal conditions.

A

Homeostasis

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21
Q

require appropriate conditions such as proper temperature, pH, and concentrations of nutrients to function correctly

A

Cells

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22
Q

is a process where light energy can be captured and converted into chemical energy.

A

Photosynthesis

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23
Q

Organisms that are capable of making their own chemical energy are referred to as

A

autotrophs

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24
Q

Others must obtain their chemical energy by consuming other organisms. These individuals are referred to as

A

heterotrophs

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25
Q

is the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter
consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons

A

atom

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26
Q

form molecules

A

Atoms

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27
Q

is a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by a chemical bond

A

molecule

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28
Q

is a large molecule that is typically formed by combining smaller molecules

A

macromolecule

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29
Q

are small molecules linked together to form the macromolecule

A

nucleotides

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30
Q

are small structures that exist within cells and perform specialized functions.

A

Organelles

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31
Q

All living things are made of

A

cells

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32
Q

is the smallest fundamental unit found in living organisms

A

cells

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33
Q

Some _ consist of a single cell, while others are multicellular.

34
Q

In most multicellular organisms, cells combine to make _ which are groups of similar cells carrying out the same function.

35
Q

are collections of tissues grouped based on a common function

36
Q

is a higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs.

A

organ system

37
Q

individual living entities

38
Q

All the individuals living within a specific area are collectively called a

A

population

39
Q

is the set of populations inhabiting a particular area.

40
Q

consists of all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, or non-living, parts of that environment, such as nitrogen in the soil or rainwater

41
Q

is the collection of all ecosystems on planet Earth. It includes land, water, and portions of the atmosphere.

42
Q

The source of this diversity is

43
Q

is the process of genetic change in a population. Evolution helps explain how new species can arise from older species

44
Q

n the 18th century, a Swedish scientist named _____ first proposed organizing living organisms into a hierarchical taxonomy.

A

Carl Linnaeus

45
Q

The current taxonomic system now has eight levels in its hierarchy, from

A

lowest to highest

46
Q

they are

A

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain

47
Q

The highest taxonomy level ________ is a relatively new addition (1990’s) to the system.

48
Q

three domains of life

A

the Eukarya, the Archaea, and the Bacteria

49
Q

The domain ___ is very diverse and includes the kingdoms of fungi, plants, animals, and several kingdoms of protists. Humans, plants, yeast, and mushrooms are just a few representatives of the domain ____

50
Q

These organisms are classified as ___ because they have nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles.

A

eukaryotes

51
Q

Both the Archaea and Bacteria are single-celled organisms classified as

A

prokaryotes

52
Q

are organisms that lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles

A

Prokaryotes

52
Q

The evolutionary relationships of various life forms on Earth can be summarized in a

A

phylogenetic tree

53
Q

is a diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both.

A

phylogenetic tree

54
Q

studies biological processes at the molecular level, including
interactions among molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. Microbiology is the study of the
structure and function of microorganisms

A

molecular biology

55
Q

another branch of biology, uses fossils to study life’s history

A

Paleontology

56
Q

are the study of animals and plants

A

Zoology and botany

57
Q

apply the knowledge of
biology to create useful products

A

Biotechnologists

58
Q

study the interactions of organisms in their
environments.

A

Ecologists

59
Q

study the
workings of cells, tissues, and organs

A

Physiologists

60
Q

is the application of science to answer questions related to the law

A

Forensic science

61
Q

Which of the following statements is false?
a. Tissues exist within organs which exist within organ systems.
b. Communities exist within populations which exist within ecosystems.
c. Organelles exist within cells which exist within tissues.
d. Communities exist within ecosystems which exist in the biosphere.

A

B. Communities exist within populations which exist within ecosystems

62
Q

The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of
“living” is the ________.
a. organ
b. organelle
c. cell
d. macromolecule

62
Q

Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization
from the most complex to the least complex level?
a. organelle, tissue, biosphere, ecosystem, population
b. organ, organism, tissue, organelle, molecule
c. organism, community, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organ
d. biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism

A

d. biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism

63
Q

Briefly explain how evolution is a source of species diversity

A

Evolution leads to genetic changes in a population. For example, if you had a population of
insects that live on a maple tree, some insects may begin to feed selectively on the bark of the
tree, while others may selectively feed on the leaves. Over time, genetic changes can occur that
may prevent these two groups from breeding with one another. In this case, a speciation event has
occurred, increasing species diversity.

64
Q

a part of an experiment that does not change during the experiment

65
Q

a form of logical thinking that uses a general statement to forecast results

A

deductive reasoning

66
Q

the variable that will change when the independent variable is altered; this
is what the researcher will measure or observe during the experiment

A

dependent variable

66
Q

the group where the independent variable is applied

A

experimental group

67
Q

it can be shown to be false by experimental results

A

falsifiable

68
Q

a suggested explanation for an event, which can be tested

A

hypothesis

69
Q

is the variable that is being altered or changed by the researcher; it is the
variable being tested

A

independent variable

70
Q

a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a
general conclusion

A

inductive reasoning

71
Q

statements that describe what should happen if the hypothesis is supported

A

predictions

71
Q

a scientific report that is reviewed by a scientist’s colleagues before
publication

A

peer-reviewed article

72
Q

claims or beliefs that are portrayed as scientific fact but cannot be evaluated
using the scientific method

A

pseudoscience

73
Q

data that is descriptive

A

qualitative data

73
Q

data that is numerical

A

quantitative data

74
Q

the knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, mainly when
acquired and tested by the scientific method

75
Q

a method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful
observation

A

scientific method

75
Q

a thoroughly tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena

A

scientific theory

76
Q

variables that must be kept consistent otherwise they can affect the
outcome or results of the experiment

A

standardized variable

biological science (11 decks)

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