Chapter 1: Introduction: Studying the human body Flashcards
Anatomy
the study of body structure, which includes size, shape, composition and coloration.
Physiology
the study of how the body functions.
Levels of Organization
chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organism/individual.
Integumentary
Function: barrier to pathogens and chemicals prevents excessive water loss.
Organs: skin, hair, subcutaneous tissue.
Skeletal
Function: supports the body, protects internal organs, provides a framework to be moved by muscles.
Organs: bones, ligaments.
Muscular
Functions: moves the skeleton, produces heat.
Organs: muscles, tendons.
Nervous
Functions: interprets sensory information, regulates body functions such as movement by means of electrochemical impulses.
Organs: brain, nerves, eyes, ears
Endocrine
Functions: regulates body functions through the use of hormones.
Organs: thyroid gland, pituitary.
Cardiovascular
Functions: transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste products.
Organs: heart, blood, arteries.
Lymphatic
Functions: return tissue fluid to the blood, destroy pathogens that enter the body.
Organs: spleen, lymph nodes.
Respiratory
Functions: exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood.
Organs: lungs, trachea, larynx.
Digestive
Functions: changes food to simple chemical that can be absorbed and used by the body.
Organs: stomach, colon, liver.
Urinary
Functions: removes waste products from the blood regulates volume and ph. of blood.
Organs: kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra.
Reproductive
Functions: produces eggs or sperm.
In women, provides a site for the developing embryo/fetus.
Organs: Female: ovaries, uterus
Male: testes, prostate gland.
Homeostasis
reflects the ability of the body to maintain relative stability and to function normally despite constant changes.
Negative feedback
a variation outside the desired range triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation. Is involved in homeostatic regulation.
Positive feedback
an initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions rather than opposing it.
Anatomic Position
body erect, facing observer, feet together, arms at side, palm’s forward.
Prone (other position)
lying horizontally, face downward
Supine (other position)
lying horizontally, face upward
Cranial
head end, aka cephalic
Caudal
the tail end (in humans, this is toward the feet).
Ventral
the bell side
Dorsal
backside
Posterior
back of the body-synonymous with “dorsal” in bipeds and “caudal” in quadrupeds’.
Anterior
front of the body-synonymous with “ventral” in bipeds and “cranial” in quadrupeds
Superior
top of the body-synonymous with “cranial” and “dorsal” in quadrupeds; above.
Inferior
bottom of the body-synonymous with “caudal” in bipeds and “ventral” in quadrupeds; below.
Medial
toward the mid-line of the body
Lateral
away from the mid-line of the body
Proximal
closer to the main body or trunk
Distal
further from the main body or trunk
Superficial
close to the surface of the body
Deep
away form the surface of the body
Internal
within, or interior to
External
outside, or exterior to
Abdomen
stomach
Antebrachium
forearm
Axillary
armpit; junction of arm and trunk
Brachial
arm
Buccal/ Oris
mouth
Calcaneus
heel
Cardiac
heart
Cephalon
head
Cervical
neck
Cranial
skull
Cutaneous
skin
Deltoid
shoulder
Digits
toes or finger
Dorsum
upper back
Femoral
thigh
Frontal
forehead
Gastric
stomach
Gluteal
buttocks
Hepatic
liver
Iliac
hip
Inguinal
groin, junction of thigh to truck
Inguinal
lower back, between thorax and pelvis
Mamma
breast
Nasal
nose
Occipital
back of head
Orbital/ Ocular
eye
Otic
ear
Parietal
crown of head
Palmer
palm of the hand
Patellar
kneecap
Pes
foot
Plantar
soel of the foot
Popliteal
back of knee
Pubis
pubic
Pulmonary
lungs
Pollex
thumb
Sacral
lowest portion of back
Sura
calf
Tarsus
ankle
Thoracic
the chest region, of “thorax”
Umbilicus
novel
Dorsal cavity (posterior and major body cavity)
contains the central nervous system and consists of the cranial cavity (formed by the skull and the brain) and spinal cavity (formed by the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord). the membranes that line these cavities and cover the brain and spinal cord are called meninges.
Ventral cavity (anterior and major body cavity)
consists of 3 compartments, 2 separated by the diaphragm; thoracic cavity(includes the heart and lungs, membranes of the thoracic cavity are serous membranes; the heart has its own set of serous membranes called pericardial membranes; abdominal cavity includes the liver, stomach, and intestines, the membranes of the abdominal cavity are also serous membranes called the peritoneum and mesentery; pelvic cavity-inferior to the abdominal cavity containing the urinary bladder and reproductive organs.
