Chapter 1: Introduction: Evolution and the Foundation of Biology Flashcards
Introduction to Unit: Cards 1-6, Concept 1.1 (The study of life reveals common themes): Cards -, Concept 1.2 (The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unit and diversity of life): Cards 7-, and Concept 1.3 (In studying nature, scientists form and test hypotheses): Cards -
What process drives the unity and diversity of life?
evolution
How do biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks?
by using them to reproduce, grow, and maintain dynamic homeostasis
What do living systems store, receive, transmit, and respond to that is essential to life processes?
information
Evolution
concept that organisms living on Earth are modified descendants of common ancestors
the process of change over time that has resulted in the astounding array of organisms found on Earth
What is a result of evolution?
the characteristics of how an animal species adapts to its environment
Biology
scientific study of life (asking questions about the living world through scientific inquiry)
Unifying Themes of Biology
organization, information, energy & matter, interactions, and evolution
Organization
new properties emerge at successive levels of biological organization
Emergent Properties
novel properties that emerge at each level of biological organization that are absent from the preceding one
Levels of Organization
molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, populations, community, ecosystem, biosphere
Molecule
chemical structure containing 2+ atoms
Organelle
various functional components present in cells
Cell
life’s fundamental unit of structure and function
Tissue
group of cells that work together, performing a specialized function
Organ
body part that is made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the body
Organism
individual living things
Population
consist of all individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area
(Biological) Community
array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem
Ecosystem
consists of living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components (soil, water, atmospheric gasses, light, etc.) of the environment with which life interacts
Biosphere
consists of all life on Earth and all the places life exists (most regions of land, most bodies of water, the atmosphere to an altitude of several kilometers, and even sediments far below the ocean floor)
Systems Biology
the exploration of the network of interactions that underlie the emergent properties of a system
Structure
life form
Function
what it does/how it works
Analyzing (structure, function) helps us determine (structure, function).
structure, function
What do life’s processes express and transmit?
genetic information
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
the form of genetic information takes when it is present in chromosomes
Gene
a section of DNA in the chromosome
Genes are units of ______ (from ______ to ______)
inheritance, parent, child
Single-cell with DNA from parents (______ cell) -> DNA ______ and ______ division -> ______ of DNA copies -> (millions/billions/trillions) of cells in the body (offspring with traits from (one/both) parents
fertilized, replication, cell, transmission, trillions, both
Structure of DNA
double helix molecular structure made of Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine nucleotides
Nucleotides
chemical building blocks
How are specific proteins built?
the specific way the sequence of the nucleotides is ordered in the molecular structure
Protein Anatomy
series of linked amino acids
Protein Physiology
significant to build, repair, and carry out its activities
Transcription
using information in DNA’s nucleotide structure, cell makes/transcribes mRNA
mRNA
specific type of RNA molecule
Translation
cell translates information in mRNA sequence to make proteins
Protein Folding
amino acids fold into specific protein that has unique function and function
Gene Expression
entire process that it takes for the information in genes to direct cellular production
How are different species differentiated?
by differences in nucleotide sequences, not by genetic codes
Genome
entire “library” of genetic information of organism
Genome Sequence
entire sequence of nucleotides for representative species member
Genomics
when researchers study whole sets of genes of one or more species
Proteomics
study of sets of proteins and their properties
Proteome
entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell/group of cells
Bioinformatics
use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze huge volumes of data from high-throughput methods
High-Throughput Methods of DNA Sequencing
tools that can rapidly analyze many biological samples
Interdisciplinary Research Team
groups of diverse specialists that want to learn how proteins and RNAs encoded by DNA’s activities are coordinated in cells and whole organisms
What needs to be transferred and transformed to meet life’s requirements?
energy and matter
How is life possible?
the movement, growth, reproduction, and other activities by cells that are powered by energy
What is the process of photosynthesis?
plants convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy (stored in food molecules), which is used to do work and escape from ecosystems as heat energy
Chemical Cycling
- sun’s light energy
- plants absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy
- organisms consume plants and use the chemical energy they absorb from them to do work
- decomposers break down dead organisms and leaf litter and return their energy to the soil
True or false: Chemical energy stays in the ecosystem and is recycled, while light energy escapes as heat.
true
Organisms interact with ______ ______ and the ______ ______.
other organisms, physical environment
Types of Interactions
-mutually beneficial relationships (mutualisms)
-one species benefits off the suffering of another
-mutually harmful relationships
Climate Change
directional change to global climate lasting 30+ years
Estimate number of species
10 million -> 100 million +
Genera
multiple genes
Genera -> ______ -> ______ -> ______
family, order, class
Prokaryotes
organisms with prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Cell
type of cell without membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
Eukaryotes
organisms with eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic Cell
type of cell with membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
Eukaryotic cells/prokaryotic cells are the larger of the two.
eukaryotic
Eukaryotic cells/prokaryotic cells form single-cell microorganisms (bacteria and archaea)
prokaryotic
Domains of Life
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
Bacteria Domain
most diverse and widespread prokaryotes and are classified into multiple kingdoms
Which eukarya domain kingdom/group of kingdoms is defined by the nutritional mode of its members, which absorb nutrients from outside their bodies?
Kingdom Fungi
Archaea Domain
types of prokaryotes that live in Earth’s extreme environments and are classified into multiple kingdoms
Eukarya Domain Kingdoms/Groups of Kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Protists
Which eukarya domain kingdom/group of kingdoms consists of terrestrial multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis (light energy converted into chemical energy)?
Kingdom Plantae
Which eukarya domain kingdom/group of kingdoms consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms?
Kingdom Animalia
Which eukarya domain kingdom/group of kingdoms consists of primarily unicellular eukaryotes and some multicellular eukaryotes?
Protists
