Chapter 1 Introduction

Question 1

Prescriptive Schools

Answer 1

more concerned with how strategies should be formulated

Schools: Design, Planning, Positioning

Question 2

The Design School

Answer 2

Strategy formation as a process of conception, informal design
(60s)

Question 3

The Planning School

Answer 3

Strategy formation as a formal process

60s-70s

Question 4

The Positioning School

Answer 4

Strategy formation as an analytical process.
Focuses on the selection of strategic positions in the economic marketplace
(80s)

Question 5

Descriptive Schools

Answer 5

Consider specific aspects of the process of strategy formation, they focus on describing how strategies are actually made

Schools: Entrepreneurial, Cognitive, Learning, Power, Cultural, Environmental, Configuration

Question 6

The Entrepreneurial School

Answer 6

Strategy formation as a visionary process

Describes the process in terms of the creation of vision by the great leader

Question 7

The Cognitive School

Answer 7

Strategy formation as a mental process

Seeks to use the messages of cognitive psychology to enter the strategist’s mind

Question 8

The Learning School

Answer 8

Strategy formation as an emergent process
The world is too complex to allow strategies to be developed all at once as clear plans. Strategies are emergent in small steps as the organization adapts or learns

Question 9

The Power School

Answer 9

Strategy formation as a process of negotiation

Focus is on conflicting groups within an organization or in their external environment

Question 10

The Cultural School

Answer 10

Strategy formation as collective / cooperative process

Question 11

The Environmental School

Answer 11

Strategy formation as a reactive process

Focus is on understanding the pressures imposed on organizations from the external context

Question 12

The Configuration School

Answer 12

Strategy formation as a process of transformation
Combines the other schools; The focus in on clustering various elements into distinct stages (i.e. life cycles of organizations)

Also describes the process as transformation which resembles strategic change

Question 13

Five Ps

Answer 13

Plan, Pattern, Position, Perspective, Ploy

Question 14

Plan

Answer 14

a plan, direction, guide or course of action into the future. strategy as plans means looking ahead

AKA Intended strategy

Question 15

Pattern

Answer 15

a consistency in behavior over time
strategy as a pattern means looking at past behavior

AKA Realized strategy

Question 16

Deliberate strategy

Answer 16

Intentions that are fully realized

Question 17

Unrealized strategy

Answer 17

Those intentions that are not realized at all

Question 18

Emergent strategy

Answer 18

Where a pattern is realized that was not expressly intended. Actions were taken which converged over time to some sort of pattern

Question 19

Umbrella strategy

Answer 19

The broad outlines are deliberate, while the details are allowed to emerge en route

Question 20

Position

Answer 20

Locating of particular products in particular markets - strategy looks down to the customer and out to external marketplace

Question 21

Perspective

Answer 21

an organization’s fundamental way of doing things - strategy looks in (inside org and the heads of the strategists), and up to the grand vision of the enterprise

Question 22

It is easier to change … than…

Answer 22

It is easier to change position within perspective, than changing perspective while trying to maintain position

Question 23

Ploy

Answer 23

a specific manoeuvre intended to outwit an opponent or competitor; the real strategy is the threat

Question 24

4 basic approaches to strategy formation

Answer 24

Strategic planning
Strategic visioning
Strategic venturing
Strategic learning

Question 25

Strategic planning schools

Answer 25

Planning, Design, and Positioning Schools

Question 26

Strategic visioning schools

Answer 26

Entrepreneurial, Design, Cultural, and Cognitive Schools

Question 27

Strategic venturing schools

Answer 27

Learning, Power, and Cognitive Schools

Question 28

Strategic Learning

Answer 28

Learning and Entrepreneurial Schools

Question 29

Strategy Content as Tangible Positions; Strategic process to:

Answer 29

Deliberate Plans: Strategic Planning

Emergent Patterns: Strategic Venturing

Question 30

Strategy Content as Broad Perspective; Strategic process to:

Answer 30

Deliberate Plans: Strategic Visioning

Emergent Patterns: Strategic Learning

Question 31

Areas of Agreement

Answer 31

1. Strategy concerns both org and environment
2. The substance of strategy is complex
3. Strategy affects overall welfare of org
4. Strategy involves issues of both content and process
5. Strategies are not purely deliberate
6. Strategies exist on different levels
7. Strategies involves various thought processes