Chapter 1 - Introduction

Question 1

Teleology

Answer 1

In philosophy, the science or doctrine that attempts to explain the universe in terms of ends or final cause

Question 2

Mechanistic

Answer 2

That which explains the phenomena of nature on the principles of physical processes (often in sequence of events)

Question 3

Physiology

Answer 3

“Knowledge of nature” The study of the mechanisms by which living organisms function

Question 4

Organization of the body

Answer 4

Cell to tissue to organs to systems to whole body

Question 5

The types of tissues

Answer 5

Neural, muscle, epithelium, and connective

Question 6

Organ (def)

Answer 6

Two of more types of tissues

Question 7

System (def)

Answer 7

A collection of organs

Question 8

Homeostasis

Answer 8

Maintenance of a relatively(!) stable internal environment

Question 9

Homeostasis maintains

Answer 9

1) concentration of nutrients (glucose, AA, fats)
2) concentration of gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide)
3) concentration of wastes (urea, ammonia)
4) concentration of water and salt—osmolarity
5) pH (blood 7.4)
6) temperature (37° C)

Question 10

Homeostasis characteristics

Answer 10

1) stability is the balance between inputs and outputs
2) complete constancy is not maintained, only a narrow range of physiological values
3) in a negative feedback system, changes move the variable back toward the initial set points
4) set points can be physiologically reset; raised or lowered
5) not everything can be homeostatically maintained so variables are ranked in a hierarchy

Question 11

Inability to maintain homeostasis leads to

Answer 11

A pathological condition (departure from nature)

Question 12

What percentage of the body is water

Answer 12

60

Question 13

ECF (def)

Answer 13

Extracellular fluid is located outside of and directly around the cells (but still inside the body)

Question 14

ICF (def)

Answer 14

Intercellular fluid is inside cells

Question 15

Interstitial fluid

Answer 15

Directly around the cells and is composed of everything the cell needs including nutrients and waste products

Question 16

ECF is the

Answer 16

Internal environment of the body

Question 17

ECF includes

Answer 17

Interstitial fluid and blood plasma. Material moving between cells and ECF must cross the cell membrane

Question 18

Negative feedback loop (def)

Answer 18

Regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change (does not fix, opposes!! the change)

Question 19

Positive feedback loop (def)

Answer 19

Regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that continues to drive the variable !!farther!! from the steady state; does not maintain homeostasis

Question 20

Control pathways strive to maintain

Answer 20

A !!near constant!! setpoint; however normal deviation occurs around the setpoint

Question 21

In a negative feedback loop, a stimulus is

Answer 21

Detected by sensors in the body. An effector (organ of response) carries out a response that reverses the trend of the stimulus. This response tries to maintain characteristics of the ECF.