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Statistics > Chapter 1: Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Statistics

A

The science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing information to draw conclusions or answer questions.

In addition, statistics is about providing a measure of confidence in any conclusions.
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2
Q

Data

A

List of observed values for a variable.

Can be numerical or non-numerical.
pp.3,9

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3
Q

Population

A

The entire group of individuals to be studied.

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4
Q

Individual

A

A person or object that is a member of the population being studied.

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5
Q

Sample

A

A subset of the population being studied.

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6
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Describe data through numerical summaries, tables, and graphs.

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7
Q

Statistic

A

A numerical summary of a sample.

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8
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Uses methods that take a result from a sample, extend it to the population, and measure the reliability of the result.

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9
Q

Parameter

A

A numerical summary of a population.

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10
Q

Variable

A

Characteristic of the individuals within the population.

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11
Q

Qualitative or categorial variable

A

Allow for classification of individuals based on some attribute or characteristic.

Ex. Temperature, Number of days per week a college student aged 21 years or older had at least one drink.
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12
Q

Quantitative variable

A

Provide numerical measures of individuals. Arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction can be performed on the values of a quantitative variable and will provide meaningful results.

Ex. Gender, Zip code

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13
Q

Discrete variable

A

Quantitative variable that has either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values. The term countable means that the values result from counting, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on.

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14
Q

Continuous variable

A

Quantitative variable that has a infinite number of possible values that are not countable.

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15
Q

Qualitative data

A

Observations corresponding to a qualitative variable.

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16
Q

Discrete data

A

Observations corresponding to a discrete variable.

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17
Q

Continuous data

A

Observations corresponding to a continuous variable.

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18
Q

Nominal level of measurement

A

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19
Q

Ordinal level of measurement

A

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20
Q

Interval level of measurement

A

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21
Q

Ratio level of measurement

A

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22
Q

Validity

A

Represents how close to the true value the measurement is.

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23
Q

Reliability

A

Represents the ability of different measurements of the same individual to yield the same results.

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24
Q

Explanatory variable

A

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25
Q

Response variable

A

p.16

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26
Q

Observational study

A

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27
Q

Designed experiment

A

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28
Q

Confounding

A

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29
Q

Lurking variable

A

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30
Q

Retrospective

A

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31
Q

Prospective

A

p.19

32
Q

Census

A

p.19

33
Q

Random sampling

A

p.23

34
Q

Simple random sampling

A

p.23

35
Q

Simple random sample

A

p.23

36
Q

Frame

A

p.24

37
Q

Sampling without replacement

A

p.24

38
Q

Sampling with replacement

A

p.24

39
Q

Seed

A

p.26

40
Q

Stratified sample

A

p.30

41
Q

Systematic sample

A

p.31

42
Q

Cluster sample

A

p.33

43
Q

Convenience sample

A

p.34

44
Q

Self-selected

A

p.34

45
Q

Voluntary response

A

p.34

46
Q

Bias

A

p.38

47
Q

Sampling bias

A

p.38

48
Q

Undercoverage

A

p.38

49
Q

Nonresponse bias

A

p.39

50
Q

Response bias

A

p.40

51
Q

Open question

A

p.41

52
Q

Closed question

A

p.41

53
Q

Nonsampling error

A

p.42

54
Q

Sampling error

A

p.42

55
Q

Experiment

A

p.46

56
Q

Factors

A

p.46

57
Q

Treatment

A

p.46

58
Q

Experimental unit

A

p.46

59
Q

Subject

A

p

60
Q

Control group

A

p

61
Q

Placebo

A

p

62
Q

Blinding

A

p

63
Q

Single-blind

A

p

64
Q

Double-blind

A

p

65
Q

Design

A

p

66
Q

Replication

A

p

67
Q

Completely randomized design

A

p

68
Q

Matched-pairs design

A

p

69
Q

Blocking

A

p

70
Q

Block

A

p

71
Q

Randomized block design

A

p

72
Q

The Process of Statistics (4)

A
  1. ID the research objective.
  2. Collect the data needed to answer the question(s) posed in 1.
  3. Describe the data.
  4. Perform inference.
73
Q

Quantitative data

A

Observations corresponding to a quantitative variable.

p.9

73
Q

Quantitative data

A

Observations corresponding to a quantitative variable.

p.9

74
Q

Quantitative data

A

Observations corresponding to a quantitative variable.

p.9

75
Q

Quantitative data

A

Observations corresponding to a quantitative variable.

p.9

Statistics (6 decks)

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