Chapter 1: Introduction

Question 1

Operationally defined as a process for acquiring and validating information within a systematic body of knowledge to solve problems.

Answer 1

Science

Question 2

T/F: The Bible describes a perfect creation, but human imperfection emerged post the Fall.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

What are the Alternative Problem-Solving Methods

Answer 3

1. Tradition
2. Logic
3. Deductive and Inductive Logic
4. Consulting Authorities
5. Trial and Error
6. Experience

Question 4

Often associated with religion and not always validated.

Answer 4

Tradition

Question 5

Considered a precursor to science, providing a logical framework to sequentially organize thoughts.

The validity of logical solutions depends on their premises.

Answer 5

Logic

Question 6

Moves from the general to the specific.

Answer 6

Deductive Logic

Question 7

Moves from the specific to the general.

Answer 7

Inductive Logic

Question 8

Solutions from authorities can be influenced by personal biases, whereas science aims for objectivity.

Answer 8

Consulting Authorities

Question 9

Resorts to trial and error when facing complex problems, hoping for a chance discovery.

Answer 9

Trial and Error

Question 10

Often specific to particular cases and may not apply univerally.

Science seeks generalized solutions based on empirical evidence.

Answer 10

Experience

Question 11

A methodological approach for constructing empirically grounded theories of nature.

Answer 11

Scientific Method

Question 12

Who are the Key Contributors to Empirically Grounded Theory?

Answer 12

Nicolaus Copernicus
Tycho Brahe
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Rene Descarte
Isaac Newton

Question 13

A scientific model that could be verified by observation.

Answer 13

Copernicus

Question 14

Precise instrumental observations to verify the model.

Answer 14

Brahe

Question 15

Scientific laws generalized from experiment.

Answer 15

Galileo

Question 16

Mathematics to quantitatively express theoretical ideas.

Answer 16

Descartes and Newton

Question 17

Theoretical derivation of an experimentally verifiable model.

Answer 17

Newton

Question 18

What are the Scientific Method Stages?

Answer 18

1. Observation
2. Identifying problems (reactive) or recognizing opportunities (proactive.
3. Formulating hypotheses based on establishes scientific principles.
4. Testing and validating hypotheses through actual observations, surveys, or experiments.
5. Drawing conclusions, accepting a hypothesis as valid when it cannot be invalidated.

Question 19

What are the Limits of Science?

Answer 19

— It cannot be used to prove the existence of God
— Limited by instrumentation or the ability to make observations/measurements
— Limited by practicality (Time, Safety, Cost)
— Limited by Ethics
— Cannot be used to make moral and aesthetic judgement

Question 20

This judgment determine what is right or wrong.

Answer 20

Moral Judgement

Question 21

This judgement determine what is beautiful or ugly.

Answer 21

Aesthetic Judgement

Question 22

Type of Research (Objective)

Answer 22

— Basic Research
— Applied Research

Question 23

This research is conducted to establish fundamental facts and relationships within a discipline or field of study. It aims at gaining knowledge for its own sake.

Answer 23

Basic Research

Question 24

This research is to obtain information for solving specific
problems.

Answer 24

Applied Research

Question 25

Emphasized the importance of empirical measurement and the role of induction in acquiring knowledge.

Answer 25

Aristotle and the Scientific Method

Question 26

Father of Science

Answer 26

Aristotle

Question 27

The application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life or, in other words, the means by which the human environment is changed and manipulated. It is the application of knowledge to achieve practical goals in a reproducible way.

Answer 27

Technology (definition)

Question 28

Origin of the Word “Technology”

Answer 28

Derived from 2 Greek words: “techne” - art, skill, craft, or the way and means by which something is acquired. “logos” - signifies words or discourse used to express inner thoughts, sayings, or expressions technology means discourse about the means by which things are acquired

Question 29

Primarily focused on taking action to fulfill human needs and changing the human environment.

Answer 29

Technology

Question 30

Seeks to understand the workings of the natural world, emphasizing knowledge about the natural world more than practical applications.

Answer 30

Science