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Histology > Chapter 1: Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Histology?

A

It is the science that deals with the study of tissues.

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2
Q

Histos=

A

Tissue.

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3
Q

Logy=

A

Science.

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4
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

Epithelial Tissues, connective tissues, muscular tissues, and nervous tissues.

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5
Q

What are microscopes?

A

Optical instruments for examination of histological specimen.

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6
Q

What is A magnification power?

A

The degree of enlargement.

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7
Q

What is the resolution power?

A

The least distance between two points that can be seen as two not one point.

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8
Q

The resolution power of N.E.

A

0.2 mm

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9
Q

The resolution power of L.M. (Light microscope).

A

0.2 micrometers.

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10
Q

Resolution power of E.M. (Electron microscope).

A

0.2 nm

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11
Q

Millimeters is how many micrometers?

A

1000 micrometers.

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12
Q

One micrometer is how many nanometers?

A

1000 nanometers.

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13
Q

One nanometer is how many angstroms?

A

10 angstroms (A).

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14
Q

What are the types of microscopes?

A

Light microscope and electron microscope.

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15
Q

What is the source of illumination of a light microscope?

A

A mirror to reflect daylight or an electrical lamp.

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16
Q

What is the magnifying system of a light microscope?

A

Condenser lens:
1. Objective lenses.
2. Ocular lenses (eye piece).

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17
Q

How do you calculate the magnification power?

A

Power of object lenses x power of eye piece lenses.

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18
Q

Calculate the power of magnification of a light microscope.

A

Maximum magnification power= 15 (eye piece) x 100 (objective lens)= 1500 times.

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19
Q

What is the magnification power of a light microscope?

A

1500 times.

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20
Q

What is the resolution power of a light microscope?

A

0.2 micrometers.

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21
Q

What are the types of electron microscope?

A

Scanning microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM).

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22
Q

What is the source of illumination of a transmission electron microscope?

A

Electron beams.

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23
Q

What is the magnifying system of a transmission electron microscope?

A

Electromagnetic coils.

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24
Q

What is the magnifying power of a transmission electron microscope?

A

1000-100000 times or more= fluorescent screen.

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25
Q

What is the resolution power of a transmission electron microscope?

A

0.2 nanometers.

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26
Q

Scanning electron microscope.

A

3D images on screen, will only show surfaces of the examined objects.

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27
Q

What are the methods of light microscopy?

A

Paraffin technique, freezing technique, and celloidin technique.

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28
Q

What is the most common technique?

A

Paraffin technique.

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29
Q

What is the most perfect technique?

A

Celloidin technique.

30
Q

What is the most rapid technique?

A

Freezing technique.

31
Q

Paraffin technique advantages.

A
  1. Short time for preparation.
  2. Gives serial sections.
  3. Very thin sections.
  4. Easy to be stained.
32
Q

Paraffin technique disadvantages.

A
  1. Solvents (xylol) dissolve the fat.
  2. Heat damages the enzymes so it can’t show the chemical components of the cell.
33
Q

Celloidin technique advantages:

A
  1. Perfect sections with fine details.
  2. No heat structure so it preserves the structure.
  3. Suitable for large organs such as eyeball and soft tissues as the brain.
34
Q

What are the disadvantages of celloidin technique?

A
  1. Long time preparation.
  2. Thick sections.
  3. No serial sections.
  4. Not easily stained.
35
Q

What are the advantages of the freezing techniques?

A
  1. Most rapid for diagnosis of tumors, during surgery.
  2. Preserves enzymes and chemistry, used in Histochemical stains.
36
Q

Disadvantages of freezing techniques.

A
  1. Thick sections.
  2. Difficult to be cut.
  3. No serial sections.
  4. Not easily stained.
37
Q

No serial sections.

A

Freezing and celloidin techniques.

38
Q

Thick sections.

A

Freezing and celloidin techniques.

39
Q

Not easily stained.

A

Freezing and celloidin techniques.

40
Q

Short time.

A

Freezing and paraffin.
Freezing is the most rapid.

41
Q

Gives serial sections for research.

A

Paraffin.

42
Q

Perfect sections with fine details.

A

Celloidin.

43
Q

Preserves enzymes and chemistry.

A

Freezing technique.

44
Q

Difficult to be cut.

A

Freezing technique.

45
Q

Most rapid for diagnosis of tumors in surgery.

A

Freezing technique.

46
Q

Long time preparation.

A

Celloidin technique.

47
Q

No heat structure.

A

Celloidin technique.

48
Q

Solvents like xylol dissolve the fat.

A

Paraffin technique.

49
Q

Very thin sections.

A

Paraffin technique.

50
Q

Easy to be stained.

A

Paraffin technique.

51
Q

Suitable for large organs.

A

Celloidin technique.

52
Q

Heat damages the enzymes.

A

Paraffin technique.

53
Q

Most commonly used stains.

A

Hematoxylin stain and Eosin stain.
He and E or H and E.

54
Q

What color is hematoxylin?

A

Basic blue.

55
Q

What does the hematoxylin stain bind to?

A

It binds to acidic structures such as the nucleus. Called Basophilia.

56
Q

What color is Eosin stain?

A

Acidic red.

57
Q

What does eosin bind to?

A

It binds to basic structures such as the cytoplasm. It is called acidophilia.

58
Q

What are special histological stains for light microscopy?

A

1.Silver (Ag).
2. Neutral stain.
3. Vital stain.
4. Super vital stain.
5. Metachromatic stain.
6. Histochemical stain.
7. Immunohistochemical stains.
8. Orcein stains.

59
Q

Silver (Ag).

A

Stains Golgi apparatus, nerve cells, fibers with brown, and reticular fibers with black.

60
Q

Neutral stains.

A

Leishman’s stain is a mixture of acidic and basic stains used to demonstrate blood cells.

61
Q

Vital stain.

A

Staining living cells inside the living animal. It is used to stain cells as they phagocyte the stain.
Ty Pham blue or Indian ink.

62
Q

Super vital stain.

A

Staining living cells outside the living body.
Example: staining reticulocytes ( immature red blood cells) with brilliant creaky blue.

63
Q

Metachromatic stain.

A

Gives a new color different from that of the stain. Example: Toludine blue. When it stains basophils of blood or mast cells of C.T., it reacts with mucopolysaccharides in their granules giving the violet color. A phenomenon called metachromasia.

64
Q

Hestochemical stains.

A

To demonstrate enzymes or chemical components.

65
Q

Examples of histochemical stains.

A

Periodic acid shift reaction, fat stains, and enzymes.

66
Q

Periodic acid shift reaction (PAS).

A

Stains glycogen with magnets red color.

67
Q

Fat stains.

A

Need frozen sections. Sudan III stains fat with orange color.

68
Q

Enzymes.

A

As acid and alkaline phosphates.

69
Q

Immunohistochemical stains.

A

Uses antibodies to demonstrate specific antigens or immunofluorscent technique.
Example: antibodies labeled with fluorescent dye to emit visible light.

70
Q

Orcein stain.

A

Stains elastic fibers with brown color.

Histology (5 decks)

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