Chapter 1 - Introduction

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

special field of medical science

- focuses on the study of the biological causes, effects, and processes of disease

Question 2

Pathogenesis

Answer 2

underlying physiological mechanism causing a disease

Question 3

Etiology

Answer 3

study of many factors, including pathogenesis, to explain the circumstances under which the disease occurs or develop

Question 4

Sign

Answer 4

an observable indication of pathology, usually discovered during physical examination
- objective and can be measured by the clinician

Question 5

Symptom

Answer 5

any abnormal function, appearance, or sensation that is experienced by the patient
- subjective and reported by the patient

Question 6

Clinical presentation

Answer 6

overall “picture” of signs, symptoms, medical history, and physical examination

Question 7

Diagnosis

Answer 7

the specific injury, illness, disease, or condition a patient has, as determined by medical examination

Question 8

Differential diagnosis

Answer 8

identification of several conditions that have similar clinical presentations
- laboratory or imaging studies could be conducted to determine the diagnosis

Question 9

Coexisting
or
Comorbid conditions

Answer 9

medical conditions in addition to the primary problem that can complicate recovery from an injury or illness or can require treatment modifications

Question 10

Biomedical theory

Answer 10

the cause of disease to abnormal cells, tissues, or organ functions

• the abnormal functions can be caused by anatomical, physiological, or genetic defects
• or by factors like bacteria and viruses

Question 11

Psychosocial theory

Answer 11

consider the psychological and social effects on the development and progression of illness and disease

• patients who cannot adapt cognitively or socially to a major injury may be more prone to chronic illness and may not respond to treatment as expected
• emotional, academic, financial, or social stressors can cause symptoms that confuse the clinical presentation of an illness

Question 12

Genetic theory

Answer 12

focus on factors, such as errors in DNA and RNA replication, that can contribute to pathogenesis, the effectiveness of the immune system’s responses, and the rate of tissue healing
- commonly identified in pediatric patients (children)

Question 13

Primary prevention

Answer 13

involves reducing risk of future disease

- nutrition, exercise, monitoring environmental risks

Question 14

Secondary prevention

Answer 14

early detection of illness or disease and preventing or reversing the progression of disease
- regular medical checkups, self examination, easily medical treatment

Question 15

Tertiary prevention

Answer 15

attempts to limit the adverse effects an established disease and restore the highest possible level of function
- medical treatment, supportive and restorative

Question 16

Diagnostic reasoning

Answer 16

how a physician differentiates (sorts and interprets) signs and symptoms to determine a diagnosis

Question 17

Diagnostic process

Answer 17

triage (determining the urgency of a medical condition), medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies
- leads to actions such as prescription of medications, surgery, referral to medical specialists, or referral to allied health services

Question 18

Clinical reasoning

Answer 18

a process similar to physicians diagnostic reasoning, to differentiate the subjective no objective data gathered through the medical history and physical examination of their patients

Question 19

Athletic trainers clinical reasoning

Answer 19

guide their clinical decision making

• formulate a differential diagnosis and course of action for a particular patient
• may lead to actions like first aid, emergency transport, treatment and rehabilitation, reassessment, activity modification, or referral to other healthcare specialists