Chapter 1 Intro to the human body Flashcards
Definition of anatomy?
The science of body structures and the relationships among them
Definition of physiology?
The science of the body’s functions
Organization of body
- chemical
- cellular
- tissue
- organ
- system
- organism
example/function of integumentary system
skin: protection, heat regulation, eliminate waste, store fat
example/ function of skeletal system
bones/joints: supports/protects/houses cell that make RBC
example/function of muscular system
muscle: attached to bone, produce heat/ maintain posture, move body
ex/funct of nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes/ears: detects changes inside and outside body, interprets, react by cause muscle contraction, glandular secretion aid
ex/funct of endocrine system
hormone producing cells/organs: regulates body by releasing hormones
ex/funct of cardiovascular system
blood, heart, blood vessels, capillaries: move waste and nutrients throughout body via blood/blood vessels.
ex/funct of lymphatic system
lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils (b-cells, T-cells): return protien/fluid to blood, carry lipids from GI tract to blood, contain site for maturation and proliferation of B/T cells (WBC)
ex/funct of resp system
Lungs, upper airways, nares, mouth, trachea, carina: regulate acid/base balance via respiration, get rid of waste via respiration and take in oxygen via diffusion into the blood.
ex/funct digestive system
stomach, epiglottis, GI tract, anus, mouth: breakdown food (accessory organs- gallbladder, liver, salivary glands, pancreas)
ex/funct of urinary system
bladder, ureters, kidneys: helps regulate production of red blood cells, gets rid of waste
ex/funct of reproductive system
Testes, penis, ovaries, uterus, Fallopian tubes, vagina, breasts, cervix: procreate, develop sex hormones
Basic Life Process
- metabolism: catabolism, anabolism
- responsiveness: detect/respond to change
- movement
- growth: hypertrophy, cell multiply
- differentiation: form specialized, un-specialized cells
- reproduction: form new cells for tissue growth, repair, replace. production of new individual.
homeostasis definition
is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes.
Negative feedback system**
reverses a change in a controlled condition that remain stable for long period of time.
define catabolism
, the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components. ex. digestive processes
define anabolsim
the build- ing up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components. ex. These amino acids are then used to anabolize (build) new proteins that make up body struc- tures such as muscles and bones
Positive Feedback System
tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions. The con- trol center still provides commands to an effector, but this time the effector produces a physiological response that adds to or re- inforces the initial change in the controlled condition. The action of a positive feedback system continues until it is interrupted by some mechanism.
disorder vs. disease
abnormality of a structure or function/ specific term for an illness with recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
epidemiology
why, when and where disease occur
anatomical position
palms forward, looking forward, feet foreward
prone
face down
supine
on back, face up
superior
cephalic/cranial
inferior
away from head
anterior
ventral-front of body
posterior
dorsal- back
medial
towards middle
lateral
towards outer
intermediate
between 2 structures
ipsilateral
on the same side of the body as another structure
contralateral
on opposite side of the body as another structure
proximal
nearer
distal
farther
superficial
toward body surface
internal
deep
- pronation
- abduction
- inversion
- gliding
- depression
- dorsiflexion
- extension
- retraction
- lateral flexion
- circumduction
- plantar flexion
- elevation
- adduction
- hyperextension
- flexion
- medial rotation
- eversion
- protraction
- supination
- lateral rotation
- hands face down
- go away from
- sole of foot toward medial plane
- sliding
- opening jaw
- toes to tibia
- straighten arm
- pull away from
- bend sideways
- rotate in circle
- point toe
- lift up
- bring together
- look up (neck)
- bend arm
- turn arm in
- sole of foot away from medial plane
- extend a part of the body
- turn palms upward
- turning limb away from body
