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Fluency Disorders > Chapter 1 - Intro to Stuttering > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro to Stuttering Flashcards

1
Q

What is fluency?

A

Fluency is the EFFORTLESS FLOW of speech!

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2
Q

What are the 4 elements for fluency?

A

1_ RATE of speech

2) CONTINUITY from speech mvmt to another
3) RHYTHM of intonation of utterance
4) EFFORT of utterance, physical and mental

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3
Q

True or False:

A person who does not stutter means that they are 100% fluent.

A

FALSE!

No one is 100% fluent. It is normal to have some disfluencies in our speech.

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4
Q

When a person is using a lot of effort while speaking it means that the person has to expend _____________ or ____________ effort.

A

physical or mental

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5
Q

What is the definition of stuttering? What does it affect?

A

Abnormally HIGH FREQUENCY of stoppages in the forward flow of speech affecting its CONTINUITY , RHYTHM, RATE, and EFFORT

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6
Q

What does temporal aspects of speech refer to?

A

It is related to RATE

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7
Q

True or False:

Temporal aspects of speech are always related to stuttering.

A

FALSE
Temporal aspects of speech MAY OR MAY NOT be related to stuttering
Why?
* There are people with a fast rate of speech who do not stutter, but people who stutter usually speak in a fast rate.

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8
Q

Which of the terms below is the best way (politically correct) for a clinician to refer to their client?

a) He/she is a stutterer
b) He/she stutters
c) People who stutter
d) b & c

A

d) B & C

Stutterers is NOT politically correct

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9
Q

Stoppages that occur during stuttering take the form of :

There are known as _______________

A

1) REPETITIONS of sounds, syllables, or non-syllable words
2) PROLONGATIONS of sounds
3) BLOCKS of airflow or voicing in speech

These are all known as CORE BEHAVIORS

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10
Q

Mention the 4 components of stuttering

A

1) CORE BEHAVIORS
2) SECONDARY BEHAVIORS
3) FEELINGS AND ATTITUDES
4) UNDERLYING PROCESSES

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11
Q

There a 3 ways that repetitions can occur:

A

1) PART WORD
2) WHOLE WORD
3) PHRASE

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12
Q

Which of the following is an example of a PART-WORD repetition:

a) cupcake…. cupcake….. cupcake
b) cup…cup…cup….cake
c) seeit….seeit….seeit
d) cup…cup….cup….cup

A

B

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13
Q

Which of the following is an example of WHOLE-WORD repetition:

a) cupcake…. cupcake….. cupcake
b) seeit….seeit….seeit
c) cup…cup….cup….cup
d) a & c

A

D

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14
Q

Which of the following is an example of PHRASE repetition :

a) cupcake…. cupcake….. cupcake
b) cup…cup…cup….cake
c) seeit….seeit….seeit
d) cup…cup….cup….cup

A

C

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15
Q

Prolongations can occur in ___________ or _____________.

A

vowels or consonants

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16
Q

Which of the following would be a harder sound to prolongate?

a) /b/
b) /l/
c) /w/

A

a) The /b/ sound would be harder because STOPS are harder to prolongate!

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17
Q

Blocks can happen ____________ a word or __________ a word.

Provide an example of each

A

between or within
Examples:
* Between- I wa…..nt
* Within- cup……cake

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18
Q

What is a block?

A

When a person inappropriately stops the flow of air or voice and often the movement of his/her articulators

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19
Q

Blocks may involve any level of speech production mechanism…____, _____, _____

A

respiratory, laryngeal, articulatory

20
Q

True or False:
People who stutter differ from one another in how frequently they stutter and how long their individual core behaviors lasts

A

TRUE

21
Q

What is usually the order of time of onset of the core behaviors?

A

1) repetitions
2) prolongations
3) blocks
However some researchers have found that they two or all of them can have the same time of onset !

22
Q

What are secondary behaviors?

A

Secondary behaviors are REACTIONS to the core behaviors!

23
Q

What are the two types of secondary behaviors?

A

1) Escape behavior

2) Avoidance behavior

24
Q

Which of the following is an example of escape behaviors?

a) circumlocution
b) facial grimaces
c) eye blinks
d) head nods
e) b, c, & d

A

E

25
Q

Which of the following is an example of avoidance behaviors?

a) situation avoidance
b) physical concomitants
c) circumlocution
d) substitution of words
e) a, c, & d

A

E

26
Q

Avoidance behaviors are learned when a speaker is able to _____________stuttering and can recall the negative experiences he has had when stuttering

A

ANTICIPATE

27
Q

PWS have a gradual ________________ of negative feelings about themselves and about speaking

A

INCREASE

28
Q

True or False:
When you are explaining a client the causes of stuttering you can always give then a definitive answer to the actual problem

A

FALSE!

There are several facts that may be associated with stuttering. There is never a DEFINITIVE cause!

29
Q

True or False:

It is normal for a child who is acquiring speech and language skills to experience some disfluencies.

A

TRUE

They way that the parents or adults react to the disfluencies may determine if it improves or worsens.

30
Q

Two factos that may “bring on” the stuttering are :

A

1) Environmental factors - include various stressful events and/or traumas
2) Emotional factors- fear and embarrassment over communication

31
Q

The symptoms of DEVELOPMENTAL STUTTERING begin during…..

A

the EARLY CHILDHOOD stages

32
Q

What are the three TYPES of stuttering?

A

1) Developmental - associated with child dev.
2) Psychogenic - associated to psychological factors
3) Neurogenic - associated to neurological factors

33
Q

The onset of DEVELOPMENTAL STUTTERING is most likely to occur between the ages of :

a) 0-3
b) 2-7
c) 2-5
d) 1-4

A

C

This onset often occurs when the child is experiencing a very intense period of speech and language learning

34
Q

What is the different between DISABILITY and HANDICAPPED?

A

DISABILITY- is the limitation it puts on an individual’s ability to COMMUNICATE. This limitation is heavily influenced by how a PWS feels about himself and how others react to it.

HANDICAPPED- the limitation on a person’s life. It refers to the lack of fulfillment an individual has in his SOCIAL LIFE, SCHOOL, JOB, ETC

35
Q

Which of the following is an example of a DISABILITY?

a) a person who produces many repetitions
b) the person cannot speak in front of a large audience
c) a person cannot pronounce the /b/ without blocks
d) the person cannot find a job due to the stuttering
e) a & c

A

E

36
Q

Which of the following is an example of a HANDICAPPED?

a) a person who produces many repetitions
b) the person cannot speak in front of a large audience
c) a person cannot pronounce the /b/ without blocks
d) the person cannot find a job due to the stuttering
e) b & d

A

E

37
Q
  • Prevalence refers to….
  • It gives us information about….
  • It varies considerably with …
A
  • How widespread the disorder is…
  • It gives us information about how many people currently stutter!
  • It varies considerably with AGE
38
Q
  • Incidence refers to…..
A
  • How many people have stuttered at some point in their life.
  • Incidence figures are NOT clear-cut b/c researchers have used different definitions of stuttering and methods for obtaining data
39
Q

The difference between incidence _____% and prevalence _____ suggests that most people who stutter at some time in their lives ________ !

a) 5% , 1%, recover
b) 1%, 5%, worsen
c) 5%, 1%, worsen
d) 1%, 5%, worsen

A

A

40
Q

Research has shown that prevalence ____________ after _____________.

a) increases, puberty
b) declines, puberty
c) neither

A

B

41
Q

Males stutter _________ than females at a ratio of __________.

a) less; 3:1
b) more; 1:3
c) more; 3:1

A

C

42
Q

Mention some reasons/factors why people might recover from stuttering:

A

1) it was a mild case of stuttering
2) might have slowed rate of speech
3) they had good lang. and phonological skills
4) females are more likely to recover

43
Q

Which of the statement about PWS is TRUE:

a) PWS cannot read
b) PWS are able to predict the words on which they will be disfluent
c) PWS consistently stutter on the same words or sounds
d) b & c

A

D

44
Q

Which statement about PWS is FALSE:

a) PWS cannot read or write
b) PWS , when asked to read a passage 6-7 times, stutter LESS on each reading.
c) none of the above

A

A

45
Q

Mention at least 4 out of 7 linguistic features adults tend to stutter more on:

A

1) Consonants
2) Complex words
3) Initial position of words
4) Stressed syllables
5) Contextual speech
6) Beginning of sentences
7) Content words

46
Q

Mention some FLUENCY INDUCING situations:

A

1) Speaking alone
2) Speaking to an animal
3) Speaking to a younger individual/less authoritative
4) Speaking is a slow, prolonged manner
5) Singing

47
Q

Mention some STUTTERING INDUCING situations:

A

1) Speaking to large groups
2) Speaking under pressure
3) Speaking on demand
4) Speaking to an authority figure
5) Speaking to a person who constantly interrupts

Fluency Disorders (7 decks)

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