Chapter 1 - Intro to Stuttering Flashcards
What is fluency?
Fluency is the EFFORTLESS FLOW of speech!
What are the 4 elements for fluency?
1_ RATE of speech
2) CONTINUITY from speech mvmt to another
3) RHYTHM of intonation of utterance
4) EFFORT of utterance, physical and mental
True or False:
A person who does not stutter means that they are 100% fluent.
FALSE!
No one is 100% fluent. It is normal to have some disfluencies in our speech.
When a person is using a lot of effort while speaking it means that the person has to expend _____________ or ____________ effort.
physical or mental
What is the definition of stuttering? What does it affect?
Abnormally HIGH FREQUENCY of stoppages in the forward flow of speech affecting its CONTINUITY , RHYTHM, RATE, and EFFORT
What does temporal aspects of speech refer to?
It is related to RATE
True or False:
Temporal aspects of speech are always related to stuttering.
FALSE
Temporal aspects of speech MAY OR MAY NOT be related to stuttering
Why?
* There are people with a fast rate of speech who do not stutter, but people who stutter usually speak in a fast rate.
Which of the terms below is the best way (politically correct) for a clinician to refer to their client?
a) He/she is a stutterer
b) He/she stutters
c) People who stutter
d) b & c
d) B & C
Stutterers is NOT politically correct
Stoppages that occur during stuttering take the form of :
There are known as _______________
1) REPETITIONS of sounds, syllables, or non-syllable words
2) PROLONGATIONS of sounds
3) BLOCKS of airflow or voicing in speech
These are all known as CORE BEHAVIORS
Mention the 4 components of stuttering
1) CORE BEHAVIORS
2) SECONDARY BEHAVIORS
3) FEELINGS AND ATTITUDES
4) UNDERLYING PROCESSES
There a 3 ways that repetitions can occur:
1) PART WORD
2) WHOLE WORD
3) PHRASE
Which of the following is an example of a PART-WORD repetition:
a) cupcake…. cupcake….. cupcake
b) cup…cup…cup….cake
c) seeit….seeit….seeit
d) cup…cup….cup….cup
B
Which of the following is an example of WHOLE-WORD repetition:
a) cupcake…. cupcake….. cupcake
b) seeit….seeit….seeit
c) cup…cup….cup….cup
d) a & c
D
Which of the following is an example of PHRASE repetition :
a) cupcake…. cupcake….. cupcake
b) cup…cup…cup….cake
c) seeit….seeit….seeit
d) cup…cup….cup….cup
C
Prolongations can occur in ___________ or _____________.
vowels or consonants
Which of the following would be a harder sound to prolongate?
a) /b/
b) /l/
c) /w/
a) The /b/ sound would be harder because STOPS are harder to prolongate!
Blocks can happen ____________ a word or __________ a word.
Provide an example of each
between or within
Examples:
* Between- I wa…..nt
* Within- cup……cake
What is a block?
When a person inappropriately stops the flow of air or voice and often the movement of his/her articulators
Blocks may involve any level of speech production mechanism…____, _____, _____
respiratory, laryngeal, articulatory
True or False:
People who stutter differ from one another in how frequently they stutter and how long their individual core behaviors lasts
TRUE
What is usually the order of time of onset of the core behaviors?
1) repetitions
2) prolongations
3) blocks
However some researchers have found that they two or all of them can have the same time of onset !
What are secondary behaviors?
Secondary behaviors are REACTIONS to the core behaviors!
What are the two types of secondary behaviors?
1) Escape behavior
2) Avoidance behavior
Which of the following is an example of escape behaviors?
a) circumlocution
b) facial grimaces
c) eye blinks
d) head nods
e) b, c, & d
E
Which of the following is an example of avoidance behaviors?
a) situation avoidance
b) physical concomitants
c) circumlocution
d) substitution of words
e) a, c, & d
E
Avoidance behaviors are learned when a speaker is able to _____________stuttering and can recall the negative experiences he has had when stuttering
ANTICIPATE
PWS have a gradual ________________ of negative feelings about themselves and about speaking
INCREASE
True or False:
When you are explaining a client the causes of stuttering you can always give then a definitive answer to the actual problem
FALSE!
There are several facts that may be associated with stuttering. There is never a DEFINITIVE cause!
True or False:
It is normal for a child who is acquiring speech and language skills to experience some disfluencies.
TRUE
They way that the parents or adults react to the disfluencies may determine if it improves or worsens.
Two factos that may “bring on” the stuttering are :
1) Environmental factors - include various stressful events and/or traumas
2) Emotional factors- fear and embarrassment over communication
The symptoms of DEVELOPMENTAL STUTTERING begin during…..
the EARLY CHILDHOOD stages
What are the three TYPES of stuttering?
1) Developmental - associated with child dev.
2) Psychogenic - associated to psychological factors
3) Neurogenic - associated to neurological factors
The onset of DEVELOPMENTAL STUTTERING is most likely to occur between the ages of :
a) 0-3
b) 2-7
c) 2-5
d) 1-4
C
This onset often occurs when the child is experiencing a very intense period of speech and language learning
What is the different between DISABILITY and HANDICAPPED?
DISABILITY- is the limitation it puts on an individual’s ability to COMMUNICATE. This limitation is heavily influenced by how a PWS feels about himself and how others react to it.
HANDICAPPED- the limitation on a person’s life. It refers to the lack of fulfillment an individual has in his SOCIAL LIFE, SCHOOL, JOB, ETC
Which of the following is an example of a DISABILITY?
a) a person who produces many repetitions
b) the person cannot speak in front of a large audience
c) a person cannot pronounce the /b/ without blocks
d) the person cannot find a job due to the stuttering
e) a & c
E
Which of the following is an example of a HANDICAPPED?
a) a person who produces many repetitions
b) the person cannot speak in front of a large audience
c) a person cannot pronounce the /b/ without blocks
d) the person cannot find a job due to the stuttering
e) b & d
E
- Prevalence refers to….
- It gives us information about….
- It varies considerably with …
- How widespread the disorder is…
- It gives us information about how many people currently stutter!
- It varies considerably with AGE
- Incidence refers to…..
- How many people have stuttered at some point in their life.
- Incidence figures are NOT clear-cut b/c researchers have used different definitions of stuttering and methods for obtaining data
The difference between incidence _____% and prevalence _____ suggests that most people who stutter at some time in their lives ________ !
a) 5% , 1%, recover
b) 1%, 5%, worsen
c) 5%, 1%, worsen
d) 1%, 5%, worsen
A
Research has shown that prevalence ____________ after _____________.
a) increases, puberty
b) declines, puberty
c) neither
B
Males stutter _________ than females at a ratio of __________.
a) less; 3:1
b) more; 1:3
c) more; 3:1
C
Mention some reasons/factors why people might recover from stuttering:
1) it was a mild case of stuttering
2) might have slowed rate of speech
3) they had good lang. and phonological skills
4) females are more likely to recover
Which of the statement about PWS is TRUE:
a) PWS cannot read
b) PWS are able to predict the words on which they will be disfluent
c) PWS consistently stutter on the same words or sounds
d) b & c
D
Which statement about PWS is FALSE:
a) PWS cannot read or write
b) PWS , when asked to read a passage 6-7 times, stutter LESS on each reading.
c) none of the above
A
Mention at least 4 out of 7 linguistic features adults tend to stutter more on:
1) Consonants
2) Complex words
3) Initial position of words
4) Stressed syllables
5) Contextual speech
6) Beginning of sentences
7) Content words
Mention some FLUENCY INDUCING situations:
1) Speaking alone
2) Speaking to an animal
3) Speaking to a younger individual/less authoritative
4) Speaking is a slow, prolonged manner
5) Singing
Mention some STUTTERING INDUCING situations:
1) Speaking to large groups
2) Speaking under pressure
3) Speaking on demand
4) Speaking to an authority figure
5) Speaking to a person who constantly interrupts
