Chapter 1: Intro to Statistics

Question 1

Define statistic

Answer 1

Statistics is a branch of mathematics that involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data.

Question 2

Name:

-Summarize, simplify, and describe a group of numbers (data) such as the results of a research study
-Based on a collection of raw scores (dataset)
-Organize & simplify

What are the results?

Answer 2

Descriptive statistics

-Central tendency & variability

Question 2

Name:

Procedures that allow researchers to draw conclusions and inferences that are based on the numbers from a research study, but go beyond these data

-Interpret results

Answer 2

Inferential statistics

-Are the results significant? Due to chance?
-Answer is based on statistical tests of significance

Question 3

What is a population?

Answer 3

The entire set of things of interest

Question 4

What is a sample?

Answer 4

The subset of the population from which you get information

Question 5

Fill in the blank:

BLANK BLANK include the mean, variance
and standard deviation computed from a
known sample

BLANK BLANK are often the unknown
measures that are estimated from the sample

Describe the BLANK, infer the population

Answer 5

-Sample statistics
-Population parameters
-Sample, population

Question 6

What does random sampling involve?

Answer 6

Sampling error

Question 7

What is sampling error?

Answer 7

The natural differences that exist, by chance, between a sample statistic and a population parameter.

Question 8

Name:

A value that does not change

Answer 8

Constant

Question 9

Name:

Characteristics that can take on any number of different values (at least 2)

Answer 9

Variables

Question 10

Name:

A particular value on a variable

Answer 10

Score

Question 11

Complete the sentence and elaborate:

CAUSATION CAN NEVER BE INFERED FROM A BLANK

Answer 11

-Correlation
-No causal inference (no control)

Question 12

What does the concept of a correlational study and tendency imply?

Answer 12

-An association/relation between two variables of interest
-Cannot infer causation
-may be due to a third unknown variable

Question 13

What is an independent variable?

Answer 13

A variable that an experimenter manipulates.

Question 14

What is an dependent variable?

Answer 14

-A variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by manipulation of the IV
-Participant’s response

Question 15

What is an experimental study?

Answer 15

-Can infer a causal relation between the two variables of interest
-may be due to a third unknown variable

Question 16

What is a discrete variable?

Answer 16

-Finite, indivisible values (whole #’s)
-Qualitative variables (sex, medical condition)
-Categorical

Question 17

What is a continuous variable?

Answer 17

-Infinite, divisible values (fractions)
-Quantitative variables (height/weight)
-Noncategorical

Question 18

Name and give examples:

-Values are names, categories, labels
-No quantitative distinctions

Answer 18

-Nominal scale (scale of measurement)

Ex- gender, diagnosis, experimental or control

Question 19

Name and give examples:

-Categorizes observations
-Categorizes organized by size or magnitude

Answer 19

-Ordinal scale (scale of measurement)

Ex- rank in class, clothing sizes (S,M, L, XL), Olympic medals

Question 20

Name and give examples:

-Ordered categories
-Interval between categories of equal size
-Arbitrary or absent zero point

Answer 20

-Interval scale (scale of measurement)

Ex- temperature, IQ, golf scores (above/below par)

Question 21

Name and give examples:

-Ordered categories
-Equal interval between categories
-Absolute zero point

Answer 21

-Ratio scale (scale of measurement)

Ex- Number of correct answers, time to complete task, gain in height since last year

Question 22

What boundaries are continuous variables defined by?

Located halfway between 2 adjacent scores

When measuring weight to the nearest whole pound, 149.6 and 150.3 are assigned the value of BLANK

Any value in the interval between 149.5 and 150.5 is given the value of BLANK

Answer 22

• Real limits
• 150
• 150

Question 23

Statistical notation-

Fill in the blank:
X= BLANK
Y= BLANK
N= BLANK (n for BLANK)
Σ = BLANK

Answer 23

• Independent variable
• Dependent variable
• # of raw scores, sample
• Summation sign (sigma)