Chapter 1: Intro to Statistics Flashcards
Define statistic
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data.
Name:
-Summarize, simplify, and describe a group of numbers (data) such as the results of a research study
-Based on a collection of raw scores (dataset)
-Organize & simplify
What are the results?
Descriptive statistics
-Central tendency & variability
Name:
Procedures that allow researchers to draw conclusions and inferences that are based on the numbers from a research study, but go beyond these data
-Interpret results
Inferential statistics
-Are the results significant? Due to chance?
-Answer is based on statistical tests of significance
What is a population?
The entire set of things of interest
What is a sample?
The subset of the population from which you get information
Fill in the blank:
BLANK BLANK include the mean, variance
and standard deviation computed from a
known sample
BLANK BLANK are often the unknown
measures that are estimated from the sample
Describe the BLANK, infer the population
-Sample statistics
-Population parameters
-Sample, population
What does random sampling involve?
Sampling error
What is sampling error?
The natural differences that exist, by chance, between a sample statistic and a population parameter.
Name:
A value that does not change
Constant
Name:
Characteristics that can take on any number of different values (at least 2)
Variables
Name:
A particular value on a variable
Score
Complete the sentence and elaborate:
CAUSATION CAN NEVER BE INFERED FROM A BLANK
-Correlation
-No causal inference (no control)
What does the concept of a correlational study and tendency imply?
-An association/relation between two variables of interest
-Cannot infer causation
-may be due to a third unknown variable
What is an independent variable?
A variable that an experimenter manipulates.
What is an dependent variable?
-A variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by manipulation of the IV
-Participant’s response
What is an experimental study?
-Can infer a causal relation between the two variables of interest
-may be due to a third unknown variable
What is a discrete variable?
-Finite, indivisible values (whole #’s)
-Qualitative variables (sex, medical condition)
-Categorical
What is a continuous variable?
-Infinite, divisible values (fractions)
-Quantitative variables (height/weight)
-Noncategorical
Name and give examples:
-Values are names, categories, labels
-No quantitative distinctions
-Nominal scale (scale of measurement)
Ex- gender, diagnosis, experimental or control
Name and give examples:
-Categorizes observations
-Categorizes organized by size or magnitude
-Ordinal scale (scale of measurement)
Ex- rank in class, clothing sizes (S,M, L, XL), Olympic medals
Name and give examples:
-Ordered categories
-Interval between categories of equal size
-Arbitrary or absent zero point
-Interval scale (scale of measurement)
Ex- temperature, IQ, golf scores (above/below par)
Name and give examples:
-Ordered categories
-Equal interval between categories
-Absolute zero point
-Ratio scale (scale of measurement)
Ex- Number of correct answers, time to complete task, gain in height since last year
What boundaries are continuous variables defined by?
Located halfway between 2 adjacent scores
When measuring weight to the nearest whole pound, 149.6 and 150.3 are assigned the value of BLANK
Any value in the interval between 149.5 and 150.5 is given the value of BLANK
- Real limits
- 150
- 150
Statistical notation-
Fill in the blank:
X= BLANK
Y= BLANK
N= BLANK (n for BLANK)
Σ = BLANK
- Independent variable
- Dependent variable
- # of raw scores, sample
- Summation sign (sigma)
