Chapter 1: Intro to Research and EBD

Question 1

Complete the sentence:

Those who conduct research go about seeking knowledge through…

Answer 1

Observation

Question 2

What are the two reasons observations are used in research?

Answer 2

1. Test hypothesis

2. Correct errors in theories

Question 3

What is the definition of a hypothesis and what is it based on?

Answer 3

A hypothesis is an educated guess based on observations. A hypothesis is the research question.

Question 4

Through experimentation, what two things can happen to a hypothesis?

Answer 4

1. Supported

2. Refuted

Question 5

True or False: A hypothesis can be shown to be false, but can never be proven to be true.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

What is a theory?

Answer 6

A hypothesis or group of hypotheses that have been supported with repeated testing

Question 7

Can a theory be disproven?

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

When can a theory be valid?

Answer 8

As long as there is no evidence to disprove it

Question 9

How are theories similar to scientific law?

Answer 9

They are both accepted to be true

Question 10

What are the two research types a hypothesis can be tested?

Answer 10

Basic or Applied

Question 11

What is the primary goal of Basic Research?

Answer 11

To make a contribution to KNOWLEDGE, it does not aim to solve a specific problem

Question 12

What is the primary goal of Applied Research?

Answer 12

It aims to SOLVE a specific problem and has an immediate application

Question 13

What precedes explanatory research?

Answer 13

Exploratory research

Question 14

Why is exploratory research performed?

Answer 14

To identify possible relationships or gain more information on variables of interest

Question 15

Which of the two research types is smaller, less expensive, less time consuming, Exploratory or Explanatory?

Answer 15

Exploratory

Question 16

Which type of research is used to establish new valid and reliable measurement techniques?

Answer 16

Exploratory

Question 17

Which type of research tries to answer the questions how or why?

Answer 17

Explanatory

Question 18

What is the primary goal of explanatory research?

Answer 18

Understand the nature or mechanism explaining the relationships between variables.

Question 19

The estimation of the friction coeffeicient of a new alloy orthodontic wire used with specific type of bracket is what type of study?

Answer 19

Exploratory

Question 20

Evaluate the changes in salivary pH 10 minutes after chewing gum with xylitol is what type of study?

Answer 20

Exploratory

Question 21

Compare the duration of orthodontic treatment with archwires made from anew alloy thought to produce less friction to NiTi archwires is what type of study

Answer 21

Explanatory

Question 22

Determine if chewing gum with xylitol impacts the dmft in children who are highly susceptible to caries more than chewing gum without xylitol is what type of study

Answer 22

Explanatory

Question 23

What type of research is structured and has a predetermined sample and way the study is conducted

Answer 23

quantitative

Question 24

Is most research in dentistry quantitative or qualitative?

Answer 24

quantitative

Question 25

What type of research depend on information not in numerical form?

Answer 25

Qualitative

Question 26

What type of research can be used to develop a new hypothesis, get a deep understanding of a problem, or investigate complex and sensitive situations?

Answer 26

Qualitative

Question 27

Interviews, videos, and recordings are methods to obtain data for what type of study?

Answer 27

Qualitative

Question 28

If the data is words, descriptions of behaviors, or narrations, what kind of study is it?

Answer 28

Qualitative

Question 29

True or false: While qualitative research produces a variety of data, it can be difficult to organize and interpret

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What is a main disadvantage to Quantitative research?

Answer 30

Information obtained for few variables and may forget to measure important ones.

Question 31

What are disadvantages to Qualitative research?

Answer 31

1. Need more time for data collection | 2. Information overload

Question 32

What type of research involves humans alive or deceased or materials from humans that can be tissue samples or behaviors?

Answer 32

Clinical research

Question 33

What are the three classes of studies under the rubric of clinical research?

Answer 33

1. Patient oriented 2. Epidemiological/Behavioral 3. Outcomes and health services

Question 34

What is non-clinical research performed on humans?

Answer 34

Studies that hold no clinical implication

Question 35

What does a primary study pertain to ?

Answer 35

Research that has actually been performed

Question 36

What are secondary studies based on?

Answer 36

Information from studies that have been previously performed

Question 37

What provides the structure for testing hypotheses?

Answer 37

Research designs

Question 38

What provides the complete set of instructions for conducting research?

Answer 38

Research design

Question 39

What are the three different types of research designs?

Answer 39

1. Non Experimental 2. Quasi Experimental 3. Experimental

Question 40

What type of research design cannot be used to test relationships between variables

Answer 40

Non experimental

Question 41

True or False: Since there are usually many reasons why effects occur, most dental research establishing causal relationships is not deterministic.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

What are the three conditions necessary to establish a causal relationship?

Answer 42

1. Cause must precede the effect 2. Cause and effect must be in fact related using statistics 3. No other plausible explanation for the effect other than the cause

Question 43

What designs perform active observations that allow test systems to be altered?

Answer 43

Quasi- experimental and | Experimental

Question 44

How do active observations establish cause and effect relationships between variables?

Answer 44

1. Manipulate the cause and observe the effect AFTERWARD 2. Design studies that minimize the effects of potentially confounding variables 3. Statistically tests relationship to ensure that it truly exists

Question 45

Can non experimental designs ensure that the cause preceded the effect and that the two are related?

Answer 45

Yes!