Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Chapter 1: Intro To Physiology And Homeostasis > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Intro To Physiology And Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is Physiology?

A
  • the study of the functions of living things

- focuses on the underlying mechanisms of body processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Anatomy?

A
  • study of the structure of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the levels of organization in the body?

A
  • chemical
  • cellular
  • tissue
  • organ
  • body system
  • organsim
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chemical Level

A
  • an molecule in the membrane that encloses a cell
  • various atoms and molecules make up the body
  • atoms: mostly oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
  • molecules of life: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids (genetic material, such as deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cellular Level

A
  • a cell in the stomach lining
  • cells are the basic unit of life
  • have basic and specialized functions
  • are progressively organized into tissues, organs, body systems and the whole body
  • organisms can be single-celled or multicellular
  • cell differentiate in complex multicellular organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tissue Level

A
  • layers of tissue in the stomach wall
  • tissues are groups of cells with a similar structure and specialization
  • muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
  • nervous tissue: initiate and transmit electrical impulses
  • epithelial tissue: exchange materials between the cell and environment
  • connective tissue: connects, supports, and anchors various body parts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Organ Level

A
  • the stomach
  • an organ is a unit made up of several tissue types
  • consists of two or more types of primary tissue organized to perform particular functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Body System Level

A
  • the digestive system
  • body system is a collection of organs that performs related functions
  • organs interact to accomplish a common activity essential for survival
  • packaged into functional whole body
  • each body system depends on the proper functioning of other system
    Many complex body processes depend on the interplay among multiple system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Basic Cell Functions

A
  • obtaining food and O2
  • performing energy-generating chemical reactions
  • eliminating wastes
  • synthesizing proteins and cell components
  • moving materials throughout the cell
  • responding to the environment
  • reproducing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Specialized Cell Functions

A
  • secrete digestive enzymes that break down ingested food
  • retain and eliminate substances accordingly
  • produce intracellular movement
  • generate and transmit electrical impulses that relay information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the Four Primary Tissue Types and their functions?

A 
- organ tissue
      Body structure that integrates different tissues and carries put a specific function
- epithelial tissue
      Protection, secretion, absorption
- connective tissue
      Structural support
- muscle tissue
      Movement
- nervous tissue
      Communication, coordination, control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Exocrine and Endocrine Glands

A
  • invagination of surface epithelium during gland formation
  • secretory exocrine gland cell
  • connecting cells are lost during development and becomes secretory endocrine gland cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the eleven body systems?

A
  • circulatory
  • digestive
  • respiratory
  • urinary
  • skeletal
  • muscular
  • integumentary
  • immune
  • nervous
  • endocrine
  • reproductive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Circulatory System consists of…

A
  • heart, blood vessels, blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Digestive System consists of…

A
  • mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, salivary glands, exocrine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Respiratory System consists of…

A
  • nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Urinary System consists of…

A
  • kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Skeletal System consists of…

A
  • bones, cartilage, joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Muscular System consists of…

A
  • skeletal muscles
20
Q

What are the 5 components of the Body System?

A
  • integumentary system
  • immune system
  • nervous system
  • endocrine system
  • reproductive system
21
Q

Integumentary System

A
  • skin, hair, nails
22
Q

Immune System

A
  • lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, tonsils, adenoids, spleen, appendix, white white blood cells, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, skin-associated lymphoid tissue
23
Q

Nervous System

A
  • brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
24
Q

Endocrine System

A
  • all hormone secreting tissues, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, endocrine, pancreas, gonads, kidneys, pineal, thymus, parathyroids, intestine, heart, skin, adipose tissue
25
Q

Reproductive System

A
  • male
    Testes, penis, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, associated
  • female
    Ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, breasts
26
Q

Concept of Homeostasis

A
  • cells in a multicellular organism
  • cannot live and function without other body cells
  • most are not in direct contact with the surrounding external environment in which an organism lives
  • life-sustaining exchanges are made through the internal environment: the fluid that surround the cells
27
Q

Internal Environment

A
  • body cells are in contact with a privately maintained internal environment
  • intracellular fluid (ICF): fluid collectively contained within all body cells
  • extracellular fluid (ECF): fluid outside the cells
    Plasma, the fluid portion of blood
    Interstitial fluid, which surrounds and bathes the cells
28
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • a dynamic, and relatively stable state in the internal environment
  • body cells can live and function only when the ECF is compatible with their survival
  • chemical composition and physical state of this internal environment must be maintained within narrow limits
29
Q

Homeostatic Regulated Factors

A
  • concentration of nutrients
  • concentration of O2 and CO2
  • concentration of waste products
  • changes in pH
  • concentration of water, salt and other electrolytes
  • volume and pressure
  • temperature
30
Q

Circulatory and Digestive

A
  • Circulatory System (heart, blood vessels, and blood)
  • transport materials from one part of the body to another
  • digestive system (mouth, esophagus, stomach intestine, and related organs)
  • breaks down food into small nutrient molecules that can be absorbed
31
Q

Respiratory and Urinary

A
  • respiratory system (lungs and major airways)
  • gets O2 form and eliminates CO2 to the external environment
  • urinary system (kidneys and associated structures)
  • removes excess water, salt, acid, and other electrolytes from the plasma and eliminates them in the urine
32
Q

Skeletal

A
  • skeletal system (bones and joints)
  • provides support and protection for soft tissues and organs
  • serves as a storage reservoir for calcium
  • enables the body and its parts to move
  • bone marrow is the source of all blood cells
33
Q

Muscular and Integumentary

A
  • muscular system (skeletal muscles)
  • moves bones attached to skeletal muscles
  • voluntary movements range from fine motor skills to powerful movements
  • generates heat and maintains body temperature
  • integumentary system (skin and related structures)
  • serves as an outer protective barrier
  • important in regulating body temperature
34
Q

Immune

A
  • immune system (white blood cells and lymphoid organs)
  • defends against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses and against body cells that have become cancerous
  • helps in replacing injured or worn-out cells
35
Q

Nervous and Endocrine

A
  • nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs)
  • controls and coordinates body activities that require swift responses
  • endocrine system (all hormone-secreting glands)
  • regulates activities that require duration rather than speed, such as growth
36
Q

Reproductive

A
  • reproductive system (male and female gonads and related organs)
  • essential for perpetuating the species
  • not essential for homeostasis
37
Q

What is a homeostatic control system?

A
  • an interconnected network of body components

- operates to maintain a give factor in the internal environment at a relatively constant optimal level

38
Q

How does the control system maintain homeostasis?

A
  • to maintain homeostasis, the control system must be able to:
    Detecte deviations from normal
    Integrate this information with other information
    Make adjustments to restore the factor to normal
39
Q

Intrinsic (local) Homeostatic Control

A
  • built into an organ
40
Q

Extrinsic (systemic) Homeostatic Control

A
  • initiates outside an organ to alter the organ’s activity
41
Q

Negative Feedback

A
  • opposing reaction to an initial change
  • change in a controlled variable triggers a response that drives the variable in the opposite direction of the initial change, thus opposing the change
  • Example:
    Temperature below a set point, you’ll detect a change from normal and initiate a positive feedback from thermostat. Furnace will kick in and balance out the temperature to normal. Then once it hits the set point, a negative feedback will be triggered to counter the positive feedback.
42
Q

Positive Feedback

A
  • enhance or amplifies a change to move in the direction of initial change
  • less common than negative feedback but is important in some instances
  • Example:
    Childbirth with the release of oxytocin and contractions in a loop
43
Q

Feedforward Mechanisms

A
  • initiate a response in anticipation
  • infrequently used
  • Example:
    Insulin levels increase while a meal is in the digestive tract as an anticipatory response
44
Q

Disruptions in Homeostasis

A
  • can lead to illness and death if not able to equalize
  • Pathophysiology: abnormal functioning of body associated with disease
  • when a homeostatic disruption becomes so sever that it is no longer compatible with survival, death results
45
Q

What factors must be homeostatically maintained, and which body systems contribute to maintaining each of these factors?

A

-

46
Q

What are the components of a homeostatic control system?

A

-

47
Q

Why is negative feedback important physiologically?

A

-

Physiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions