Chapter 1: Intro To Physiology And Homeostasis Flashcards
1
Q
What is Physiology?
A
- the study of the functions of living things
- focuses on the underlying mechanisms of body processes
2
Q
What is Anatomy?
A
- study of the structure of the body
3
Q
What are the levels of organization in the body?
A
- chemical
- cellular
- tissue
- organ
- body system
- organsim
4
Q
Chemical Level
A
- an molecule in the membrane that encloses a cell
- various atoms and molecules make up the body
- atoms: mostly oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
- molecules of life: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids (genetic material, such as deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA)
5
Q
Cellular Level
A
- a cell in the stomach lining
- cells are the basic unit of life
- have basic and specialized functions
- are progressively organized into tissues, organs, body systems and the whole body
- organisms can be single-celled or multicellular
- cell differentiate in complex multicellular organisms
6
Q
Tissue Level
A
- layers of tissue in the stomach wall
- tissues are groups of cells with a similar structure and specialization
- muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
- nervous tissue: initiate and transmit electrical impulses
- epithelial tissue: exchange materials between the cell and environment
- connective tissue: connects, supports, and anchors various body parts
7
Q
Organ Level
A
- the stomach
- an organ is a unit made up of several tissue types
- consists of two or more types of primary tissue organized to perform particular functions
8
Q
Body System Level
A
- the digestive system
- body system is a collection of organs that performs related functions
- organs interact to accomplish a common activity essential for survival
- packaged into functional whole body
- each body system depends on the proper functioning of other system
Many complex body processes depend on the interplay among multiple system
9
Q
Basic Cell Functions
A
- obtaining food and O2
- performing energy-generating chemical reactions
- eliminating wastes
- synthesizing proteins and cell components
- moving materials throughout the cell
- responding to the environment
- reproducing
10
Q
Specialized Cell Functions
A
- secrete digestive enzymes that break down ingested food
- retain and eliminate substances accordingly
- produce intracellular movement
- generate and transmit electrical impulses that relay information
11
Q
What are the Four Primary Tissue Types and their functions?
A
- organ tissue
Body structure that integrates different tissues and carries put a specific function
- epithelial tissue
Protection, secretion, absorption
- connective tissue
Structural support
- muscle tissue
Movement
- nervous tissue
Communication, coordination, control
12
Q
Exocrine and Endocrine Glands
A
- invagination of surface epithelium during gland formation
- secretory exocrine gland cell
- connecting cells are lost during development and becomes secretory endocrine gland cell
13
Q
What are the eleven body systems?
A
- circulatory
- digestive
- respiratory
- urinary
- skeletal
- muscular
- integumentary
- immune
- nervous
- endocrine
- reproductive
14
Q
Circulatory System consists of…
A
- heart, blood vessels, blood
15
Q
Digestive System consists of…
A
- mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, salivary glands, exocrine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
16
Q
Respiratory System consists of…
A
- nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
17
Q
Urinary System consists of…
A
- kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
18
Q
Skeletal System consists of…
A
- bones, cartilage, joints
19
Q
Muscular System consists of…
A
- skeletal muscles
20
Q
What are the 5 components of the Body System?
A
- integumentary system
- immune system
- nervous system
- endocrine system
- reproductive system
21
Q
Integumentary System
A
- skin, hair, nails
22
Q
Immune System
A
- lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, tonsils, adenoids, spleen, appendix, white white blood cells, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, skin-associated lymphoid tissue
23
Q
Nervous System
A
- brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
24
Q
Endocrine System
A
- all hormone secreting tissues, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, endocrine, pancreas, gonads, kidneys, pineal, thymus, parathyroids, intestine, heart, skin, adipose tissue
25
Q
Reproductive System
A
- male
Testes, penis, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, associated - female
Ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, breasts
26
Q
Concept of Homeostasis
A
- cells in a multicellular organism
- cannot live and function without other body cells
- most are not in direct contact with the surrounding external environment in which an organism lives
- life-sustaining exchanges are made through the internal environment: the fluid that surround the cells
27
Q
Internal Environment
A
- body cells are in contact with a privately maintained internal environment
- intracellular fluid (ICF): fluid collectively contained within all body cells
- extracellular fluid (ECF): fluid outside the cells
Plasma, the fluid portion of blood
Interstitial fluid, which surrounds and bathes the cells
28
Q
Homeostasis
A
- a dynamic, and relatively stable state in the internal environment
- body cells can live and function only when the ECF is compatible with their survival
- chemical composition and physical state of this internal environment must be maintained within narrow limits
29
Q
Homeostatic Regulated Factors
A
- concentration of nutrients
- concentration of O2 and CO2
- concentration of waste products
- changes in pH
- concentration of water, salt and other electrolytes
- volume and pressure
- temperature
30
Q
Circulatory and Digestive
A
- Circulatory System (heart, blood vessels, and blood)
- transport materials from one part of the body to another
- digestive system (mouth, esophagus, stomach intestine, and related organs)
- breaks down food into small nutrient molecules that can be absorbed
31
Q
Respiratory and Urinary
A
- respiratory system (lungs and major airways)
- gets O2 form and eliminates CO2 to the external environment
- urinary system (kidneys and associated structures)
- removes excess water, salt, acid, and other electrolytes from the plasma and eliminates them in the urine
32
Q
Skeletal
A
- skeletal system (bones and joints)
- provides support and protection for soft tissues and organs
- serves as a storage reservoir for calcium
- enables the body and its parts to move
- bone marrow is the source of all blood cells
33
Q
Muscular and Integumentary
A
- muscular system (skeletal muscles)
- moves bones attached to skeletal muscles
- voluntary movements range from fine motor skills to powerful movements
- generates heat and maintains body temperature
- integumentary system (skin and related structures)
- serves as an outer protective barrier
- important in regulating body temperature
34
Q
Immune
A
- immune system (white blood cells and lymphoid organs)
- defends against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses and against body cells that have become cancerous
- helps in replacing injured or worn-out cells
35
Q
Nervous and Endocrine
A
- nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs)
- controls and coordinates body activities that require swift responses
- endocrine system (all hormone-secreting glands)
- regulates activities that require duration rather than speed, such as growth
36
Q
Reproductive
A
- reproductive system (male and female gonads and related organs)
- essential for perpetuating the species
- not essential for homeostasis
37
Q
What is a homeostatic control system?
A
- an interconnected network of body components
- operates to maintain a give factor in the internal environment at a relatively constant optimal level
38
Q
How does the control system maintain homeostasis?
A
- to maintain homeostasis, the control system must be able to:
Detecte deviations from normal
Integrate this information with other information
Make adjustments to restore the factor to normal
39
Q
Intrinsic (local) Homeostatic Control
A
- built into an organ
40
Q
Extrinsic (systemic) Homeostatic Control
A
- initiates outside an organ to alter the organ’s activity
41
Q
Negative Feedback
A
- opposing reaction to an initial change
- change in a controlled variable triggers a response that drives the variable in the opposite direction of the initial change, thus opposing the change
- Example:
Temperature below a set point, you’ll detect a change from normal and initiate a positive feedback from thermostat. Furnace will kick in and balance out the temperature to normal. Then once it hits the set point, a negative feedback will be triggered to counter the positive feedback.
42
Q
Positive Feedback
A
- enhance or amplifies a change to move in the direction of initial change
- less common than negative feedback but is important in some instances
- Example:
Childbirth with the release of oxytocin and contractions in a loop
43
Q
Feedforward Mechanisms
A
- initiate a response in anticipation
- infrequently used
- Example:
Insulin levels increase while a meal is in the digestive tract as an anticipatory response
44
Q
Disruptions in Homeostasis
A
- can lead to illness and death if not able to equalize
- Pathophysiology: abnormal functioning of body associated with disease
- when a homeostatic disruption becomes so sever that it is no longer compatible with survival, death results
45
Q
What factors must be homeostatically maintained, and which body systems contribute to maintaining each of these factors?
A
-
46
Q
What are the components of a homeostatic control system?
A
-
47
Q
Why is negative feedback important physiologically?
A
-
