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Embryo > Chapter 1: intro To Molecular Regulation And Signalling > Flashcards

Chapter 1: intro To Molecular Regulation And Signalling Flashcards

1
Q

a developmental process that represents an
amazing integration of increasingly complex
phenomena.

A

Embryology

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2
Q

includes investigations of the molecular,
cellular, and structural factors contributing to the
formation of an organism.

A

Embryology

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3
Q

Sometimes called organogenesis

A

EMBRYOGENESIS

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4
Q

process of progressing from a single cell

through the period of establishing organ primordial

A

EMBRYOGENESIS

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5
Q

the first 8 weeks of human development

A

organ primordial

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6
Q

the period from embryogenesis until birth

A

time when differentiation continues while the fetus

grows and gains weight.

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7
Q

FETAL PERIOD the period from ___ until ___

A

the period from embryogenesis until birth

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8
Q

Involves direct embryonic development

A

Genomes

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9
Q

Contains all the information required to make an

individual

A

Genomes

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10
Q

Information is encoded in DNA in sequences called

____that code for proteins.

A

Genes

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11
Q

____regulate expression of other genes and
act as signal molecules to orchestrate
development.

A

Proteins

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12
Q

is the basic physical and functional unit of hereditary

A

Genes

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13
Q

Human Genome is Made up of approximately 23,000 genes, T/F

A

True

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14
Q

A single gene may give rise to many proteins. T/F

A

True

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15
Q

Different genes may be transcribed, T/F

A

True

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16
Q

DNA transcribed from a gene may be selectively processed to regulate which ___ reach the cytoplasm to become ___

A

RNA

mRNA

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17
Q

mRNAs may not beselectively translated, T/F

A

False-may be

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18
Q

Proteins made from the ____ may be ____modified

A

mRNAs

Differentially

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19
Q

complex of DNA and proteins (mostly histones) where genes are contained

A

Chromatin

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20
Q

Chromatin made up of___

A

Nucleosomes

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21
Q

basic unit of structure;

A

Nucleosomes

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22
Q

Nucleosomes consists of an____ proteins & approximately 140 base pairs of___.

A

octamer of histone

DNA

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23
Q

form in which chromatin appears as bead of nucleosomes on a string of DNA

A

Heterochromatin

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24
Q

uncoiled state of chromatin

A

Euchromatin

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25
Q

DNA regions which can be translated into proteins

A

exons

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26
Q

,interspersed between exons and which are not transcribed into proteins

A

introns

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27
Q

Promoter region that binds____

for the initiation of transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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28
Q

Translation initiation site to designate the last

amino acid in the protein, T/F

A

False-first

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29
Q

untranslated region that includes a sequence

(the poly A addition site) that assists with stabilizing the mRNA

A

3’

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30
Q

Specific parts in the promoter region, where RNA polymerase binds

A

TATA box

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31
Q

A complex of proteins plus an additional protein that is require for binding of RNA polymerase II to the TATA box

A

Transcription factor

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32
Q

Independently folded protein domain that contains at least one structural motif that recognizes double or single-stranded DNA.

A

DNA-BINDING DOMAIN-

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33
Q

Activates or inhibits transcription of the gene whose promoter or enhancer it has bound.

A

Transactivating domain

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34
Q

Regulatory elements of DNA that activate
utilization of promoters to control their efficiency
and the rate of transcription from the promoter

A

Enhancers

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35
Q

Enhancers Can reside on a specific location along the DNA strand. T/F

A

False- anywhere

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36
Q

Enhancers bind transcription factors through ____and are used to regulate the timing of a gene’s expression and its cell specific location

A

Transactivating domain

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37
Q

In which enhancers can inhibit transcription

A

Silencers

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38
Q

DNA Methylation Represses_____

A

Transcription

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39
Q

Methylation of____ bases in the promoter regions of genes represses transcription of genes.

A

cytosine

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40
Q

some genes are silenced by this mechanism.

A

DNA Methylation

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41
Q

responsible for genomic imprinting

A

DNA Methylation

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42
Q

Methylation silences DNA by_____ or by ____and tightly coiled DNA that cannot be transcribed.

A

inhibiting binding of transcription factors

altering histone binding resulting in stabilization of nucleosomes

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43
Q

Also known as Lyonization

A

X chromosome inactivation

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44
Q

One of the X chromosomes in each cell of a female is inactivated

A

Lyonization

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45
Q

phenomena in which only a gene inherited from
father or mother is expressed, whereas the other
gene is silenced.

A

Genomic imprinting

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46
Q

methylation patterns are established during what processes?

A

spermatogenesis

oogenesis

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47
Q

initial transcript of a gene and longer than mRNA because it contains introns that are removed (spliced out)

A

Nuclear RNA (nRNA) or premessenger RNA

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48
Q

The splicing process provides a means for cells to produce single protein from a single gene. T/F

A

False-different

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49
Q

The process of removing different introns and exons in different patterns

A

Alternative Splicing

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50
Q

Proteins derived from the same gene are called

A

splicing isoforms

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51
Q

splicing isoforms also called?

A

splice variants or alternative variants

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52
Q

are formed by interactions between cells and tissues

A

Organs

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53
Q

process wherein one group of cells or tissues causes another set of cells or tissues to change their fate

A

Induction

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54
Q

capacity to respond to such a signal is called

A

competence

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55
Q

requires activation of the responding

tissue by a competence factor.

A

competence

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56
Q

Many inductive interactions occur between epithelial and

mesenchymal cells and are called

A

epithelial—mesenchymal interactions

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57
Q

Epithelial cells are joined in tubes or sheet, T/F

A

True

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58
Q

fibroblastic in appearance and dispersed in extracellular matrice

A

mesenchymal cells

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59
Q

In induction, what tissue is the responder

A

Second tissue

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60
Q

In induction, signal are transmitted in ___ direction to complete the differentiation process

A

Both

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61
Q

produce gut-derived organs, including the liver and

pancreas

A

gut endoderm and surrounding mesenchyme

62
Q

produce limb outgrowth and differentiation.

A

limb mesenchyme with overlying ectoderm

63
Q

produce nephrons in the kidney.

A

endoderm of the ureteric bud and mesenchyme from the metanephric blastemal

64
Q

Type of signal transduction pathways

A

Paracrine Signaling

Juxtacrine signalling

65
Q

essential for induction, for conference of competency to respond, and for crosstalk between inducing and responding cells.

A

Cell-to-cell signaling

66
Q

proteins synthesized by one cell diffuse over short distances to interact with other cells

A

paracrine interactions,

67
Q

do not involve diffusable proteins.

A

juxtacrine interactions

68
Q

diffusable proteins responsible for paracrine signaling are called

A

paracrine factors or growth and differentiation factors (GDFs)

69
Q

Paracrine factors act by Signal transduction pathways either by ?

A

activating a pathway directly

blocking the activity of an inhibitor of a pathway

70
Q

signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper cell differentiation

A

hedgehog signaling

71
Q

Hedgehog signaling is what type of pathway

A

Paracrine Signaling

72
Q

Signal transduction pathways includes a signaling___ and ___

A

molecule (the ligand) and a receptor

73
Q

The receptor spans the cell membrane and has an: __, ___, and ___

A

extracellular domain,
transmembrane domain
cytoplasmic domain.

74
Q

The four groups of GDFs include the

A

fibroblast growth factor (FGF),
WNT,
hedgehog,
transforming growth factor-B (TGF-B) families

75
Q

type of cell-to-cell signaling that is based on the interaction of noncleaved ligand precursor and the EGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate)

A

Juxtacrine Signaling

76
Q

A protein on one cell surface interacts with a receptor on an adjacent cell in a process analogous to paracrine signaling is what type of pathway

A

Juxtacrine Signaling

77
Q

The notch pathway is what type of signalling

A

Juxtacrine

78
Q

In juxtacrine pathway, the Ligands in the _____secreted by one cell interact with their receptors on____ cells.

A

extracellular matrix

neighboring

79
Q

the milieu in which cells reside.

A

extracellular matrix

80
Q

large molecules secreted by cells in the ECM are

A

collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

81
Q

Proteogylcans

A

chondroitin sulfates, hyaluronic acid

82
Q

glycoproteins

A

fibronectins and laminin

83
Q

These molecules provide a substrate for cells on which they can anchor or migrate

A

Large molecules in the ecm

84
Q

Receptors that link extracellular molecules

A

Integrins

85
Q

can induce gene expression and regulate differentiation as in the case of chondrocytes that must be linked to the matrix to form cartilage.

A

integrins

86
Q

direct transmission of signals from one cell to another by

A

Gap junctions

87
Q

Cell to cell communication is by what pathway

A

Juxtacrine

88
Q

These junctions occur as channels between cells through which small molecules and ions can pass.

A

Gap junctions

89
Q

____communication is important in tightly connected cells like epithelia of the gut and neural tube because they allow these cells to act in concert.

A

Cell to cell

90
Q

Gap junctions are made of

A

connexin proteins

91
Q

there is a great amount of redundancy built into the process of signal transduction. T/F

A

True

92
Q

Paracrine Signaling Factors

A

Fibroblast Growth Factors

Hedgehog Proteins

WNT Proteins

The TGF-B Superfamily

93
Q

FGF proteins produced by these genes activate

A

tyrosine receptor kinases or fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs)

94
Q

FGFs are particularly important for

A

angiogenesis, axon growth, and mesoderm different

95
Q

important for development of the limbs and parts of the brain.

A

FGF8

96
Q

individual FGFs may be responsible for specific developmental events. T/F

A

True

97
Q

coded for a pattern of bristles on the leg of Drosophila that resembled the shape of a hedgehog.

A

Hedgehog Proteins

98
Q

In mammals, there are three hedgehog genes

A

desert,, Indian, and sonic hedgehog.

99
Q

involved in a multitude of events

A

Sonic hedgehog (SHH)

100
Q

There are at least ___different WNT genes that are related to the segment polarity gene, wingless in Drosophila.

A

15

101
Q

Their receptors are members of the frizzled family of proteins.

A

WNT Proteins

102
Q

involved in regulating limb patterning, midbrain development, and some aspects of somite and urogenital differentiation among other actions.

A

WNT Proteins

103
Q

How many members are TGF-B superfamily

A

more than 30 members

104
Q

TGF-B superfamily

A 
TGF-Bs
the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), 
the activin family, 
the miillerian inhibiting factor (MIF, anti- miillerian hormone), 
and others.
105
Q

isolated from virally transformed cells. First member of the family

A

TGF-BI

106
Q

important for extracellular matrix formation and epithelial branching that occurs in lung, kidney, and salivary gland development.

A

TGF-B members

107
Q

induces bone formation and is involved in regulating cell division, cell death (apoptosis), and cell migration among other functions.

A

BMP family

108
Q

Acts as ligands and bind to receptors just as proteins do

A

neurotransmitters

109
Q

Neurotransmitters are what pathway

A

Paracrine

110
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

serotonin, y-amino butyric acid (GABA), epinephrine, and norepinephrine

111
Q

Neurotransmitters provide important signals for embryological development. T/F

A

True

112
Q

acts as a ligand for a large number of receptors, most of which are G protein— coupled receptors. regulates a variety of cellular functions, including cell proliferation and migration, and is important for establishing laterality, gastrulation, heart development, and other processes during early stages of differentiation.

A

5HT

113
Q

acts through receptors and appears to play a role in apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the interdigital spaces and in other cell types.

A

Norepinephrine

114
Q

Master Gene for Embryogenesis

A

Sonic Hedgehog

115
Q

multitude of signaling molecules that coordinately development,

A

SHH

116
Q

master morphogen

A

SHH

117
Q

This protein is involved in development of the vasculature, left—right axis formation, midline, cerebellum, neural patterning, limbs, smooth muscle patterning, heart, gut, pharynx, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, bladder, hair follicles, teeth, thymocytes, inner ear, eyes, and taste buds: a veritable plethora of developmental events.

A

SHH

118
Q

SHH protein binds to its receptor

A

Patched (Ptc)

119
Q

protein that normally inhibits the receptor-like protein Smoothened (Smo).

A

PTc

120
Q

What does SHH upregulate

A

activity of the GLI family (1 to 3) of transcription factors that control expression of target genes.

121
Q

The specificity of SHH expression in different cell types is regulated by

A

multiple enhancer elements

122
Q

Before/After translation is SHH cleaved and added cholesterol

A

After

123
Q

SHH protein is cleaved and cholesterol is

added to the_____

A

C-terminus of its N-terminal domain.

124
Q

links SHH to the plasma membrane.

A

Cholesterol

125
Q

added to the N-terminus and SHH becomes fully functional.

A

palmitic acid moiety

126
Q

release from the plasma membrane is produced by the

transmembrane protein

A

Dispatched

127
Q

regulates the process of convergent extension whereby a tissue becomes longer and narrower.

A

planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway

128
Q

Convergent Extension Pathway

A

The Planar Cell Polarity

129
Q

neural tube formation is what key signalling pathway

A

PCP

130
Q

requires changes in cell shape together with cell movement and intercalation with other cells.

A

Convergent extension

131
Q

refers to the reorganization of cells and cell sheets in the plane of a tissue, such as occurs during convergent extension.

A

PCP

132
Q

The principal PCP signaling pathway is the

A

WNT pathway,

133
Q

WNT pathway receptor

A

Frizzled (Fz)

134
Q

two other transmembrane protein of WNT

A

Celsr and Vangl.

135
Q

These transmembrane proteins VANGL & CELSR primarily target activation of ______

A

DISHEVELLED (DVL)

136
Q

Ways that transmembrane chons (vangl and celsr) target DVL

A

directly or through downstream effectors,

137
Q

Downstream effectors

A

Prickle (Pk) and Diego (Dgo)

138
Q

___regulates signaling via the ___ & ___ kinases to upregulate_____.

A

DVL

Rho and Rac

c-Iun N-terminal kinases (INK)

139
Q

that control cytoskeletal changes and other downstream eifectors including transcription factors.

A

c-Iun N-terminal kinases (INK)

140
Q

bind to transmembrane ligands of the DSL (Delta/Serrate/LAG-2) family

A

Notch transmembrane receptors

141
Q

Notch transmembrane receptors requires ______ for signaling to occur.

A

cell-to-cell contact (juxtacrine signaling

142
Q

How many notch fam members in mammals and transmembrane ligand

A

4 notch

5 transmembrane

143
Q

Transmembrane ligands are

A

lagged 1 and 2 and Delta 1 to 3

144
Q

Binding of one of these notch proteins to a Notch receptor causes a_______ in the Notch protein such that part of it on the _____side of the membrane is_____.

A

conformational change

cytoplasmic

cleaved

145
Q

Notch pathway involves secondary messenger, T/F

A

False- no involvement

146
Q

In notch pathway, the cleaved portion of the protein enters the nucleus____ and binds to a_____ that normally represses transcription of Notch target genes.

A

directly

DNA- binding protein

147
Q

Binding of Notch to DNA binding protein removes the____ activity of the repressor and permits activation of_____

A

inhibitory

downstream genes.

148
Q

involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and epithelial to mesenchymaltransitions.

A

Notch signaling

149
Q

especially important in neuronal differentiation, blood vessel formation and specification (angiogenesis), somite segmentation, pancreatic B-cell development, B- and T-cell differentiation in the immune system, development of inner ear hair cells, and septation of the outflow tract of the heart.

A

Notch signaling

150
Q

Mutations in JAG1 or NOTCH2 cause____

A

Alagille syndrome

151
Q

characterized by cardiac outflow tract defects as well as skeletal, ocular, renal, and hepatic abnormalities.

A

Alagille syndrome

152
Q

have also been linked to cases of tetralogy of Fallot (a cardiac outflow tract defect).

A

JAG1 mutations

Embryo (2 decks)

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