chapter 1 intro to human anatomy and physiology Flashcards
gross anatomy
study of the larger structures of the body
systemic anatomy
study of structures that make up a discrete body system
microscopic anatomy
study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices
levels of structural organization
atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
cell
smallest living unit in the body
tissue
group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function
organ
structures made up of two or more tissue types that work to perform a specialized physiological process
organ system
group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological need of the body
cardiovascular system
includes heart, blood vessels;
delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, equalizes temperature in the body
digestive system
includes stomach, gall bladder, intestines;
releases and absorbs nutrients from food
endocrine system
includes pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries;
chemical communication within body through secretion of hormones
lymphatic system
includes thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels;
returns fluid to blood, defends against pathogens
integumentary system
includes hair, skin, nails;
encloses and protects internal body structures; site of many sensory receptors
muscular system
includes muscles and tendons;
contracts to produce motion, helps maintain body temperature
skeletal system
includes cartilage, bones, joints, ligaments;
supports the body and enables movement
nervous system
includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves
detects and processes sensory information, activates bodily responses
reproductive system
includes testes (male); uterus, ovaries (female)
produces sex hormones and gametes, production of offspring
respiratory system
includes lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, nasal passage, airways
delivers oxygen to blood, removes carbon dioxide from the body
urinary system
includes kidneys, urinary bladder
controls water balance in the body, removes wastes from blood and excretes them
homeostasis
state of balance in which the body’s internal environment remains relatively stable despite changes in the internal and external environment
negative feedback loop
homeostatic mechanisms that reverses a deviation from the set point
What are the three basic components of a negative feedback system?
sensor, control center, effector
sensor
aka receptor, component in a feedback system that monitors environment and detects changes
control center
component in a feedback system that analyzes input coming from the receptor and determines the appropriate output to send to the effector
