Chapter 1: Intro to Ethics

Question 1

When did the TUSKEGEE EXPERIMENT begin?

Answer 1

1932

Question 2

Who began the TUSKEGEE EXPERIMENT to investigate into the long-term effects of untreated syphilis.

Answer 2

US Public Health Service

Question 3

How many men were subjects to the TUSKEGEE EXPERIMENT?

Answer 3

400 black men

Question 4

What did the researchers promised the subjects to the TUSKEGEE EXPERIMENT?

Answer 4

Free treatment for ‘bad blood’

Question 5

What does bad blood refer to?

Answer 5

Syphilis

Question 6

Aim of TUSKEGEE EXPERIMENT.

Answer 6

To observe the natural course of the disease.

Question 7

Incentives offered to subjects of TUSKEGEE EXPERIMENT

Answer 7

Free physical examinations
Free rides to and from the clinics
Hot meals on examination days
Free treatment for minor ailments
Guarantee that a sum of $50 would be paid when they died.

Question 8

How many years did the TUSKEGEE EXPERIMENT last?

Answer 8

40 years

Question 9

Who exposed the TUSKEGEE EXPERIMENT?

Answer 9

A journalist, Jean Heller, in 1972.

Question 10

When did President Clinton gave an official apology about TUSKEGEE EXPERIMENT?

Answer 10

1997

Question 11

When was HM born?

Answer 11

1926

Question 12

At what age did he experience a head injury that started a lifetime of epileptic seizures?

Answer 12

7

Question 13

Health-threatening seizures

Answer 13

Grand mal attacks

Question 14

When did HM started having uncontrolled grand mal attacks?

Answer 14

Mid twenties

Question 15

Who was the surgeon who performed the first ‘bilateral medial temporal lobe resection’ in the world?

Answer 15

Scoville

Question 16

Amnesia where you can’t recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia.

Answer 16

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 17

A type of memory loss that occurs when you can’t form new memories.

Answer 17

Anterograde amnesia

Question 18

What was the downside of HM’s operation?

Answer 18

He acquired retrograde & anterograde amnesia

Question 19

How many years did HM continue to become a subject for different tests/ studies?

Answer 19

40 years

Question 20

3 central ethical issues.

Answer 20

Informed consent
Costs versus benefits
Treat all people with respect

Question 21

Refers to the idea that any participant in an experiment should be informed about what the research entails and asked formally to consent to take part.

Answer 21

Informed consent

Question 22

All researchers believe that their research
offers potential benefits and they recognize that there are certain costs.

Answer 22

Costs versus benefits

Question 23

Concerned with or relating to human behaviour, especially the distinction between good and bad or right and wrong behaviour; based on a number of socially agreed principles.

Answer 23

Morals

Question 24

A social, religious, or civil code of behaviour considered correct, especially that of a particular group, profession, or individual; the philosophical study of the moral value of human conduct and of the rules and principles that ought to govern it.

Answer 24

Ethics

Question 25

The ethics of a behaviour can be judged using four categories.

Answer 25

Consequences
Actions
Character
Motive

Question 26

Result of the behavior.

Answer 26

Consequences

Question 27

Act itself and consider what the person is doing.

Answer 27

Actions

Question 28

Whether the person is a good (or virtuous) person who is generally ethical.

Answer 28

Character

Question 29

Intentions of the person carrying out the behaviour, and we consider whether
they were trying to do something good.

Answer 29

Motive

Question 30

2 levels of ethical practice.

Answer 30

Mandatory ethics
Aspirational ethics

Question 31

Describes a level of ethical functioning wherein counselors act in compliance with minimal standards, acknowledging the basic “musts” and “must nots.”; focus is on behavioral rules, such as providing for
informed consent in professional relationships.

Answer 31

Mandatory ethics

Question 32

Describes and conduct professional
counselors seek, and it requires that counselors do more than simply meet the letter of the ethics code; entails an understanding of the spirit behind the code and the principles on which the code rests.

Answer 32

Aspirational ethics

Question 33

View that some things are simply right or wrong; this position corresponds to common traditional views of morality, particularly of a religious kind which might be called the ‘Ten
Commandments’ idea of morality.

Answer 33

Absolute view

Question 34

They believe that all morals are dependent
on context so, for example, they argue that there are situations where stealing is acceptable; the intrinsic ‘wrongness’ of an act may be overridden by other considerations

Answer 34

Relativists

Question 35

Herlihy and Corey (2006) suggest that codes of ethics fulfill three objectives:

Answer 35

To educate professionals about sound ethical conduct.

Provide a mechanism for professional accountability

Serve as catalysts for improving practice

Question 36

Reading and reflecting on the standards can help practitioners expand their awareness and clarify their values in dealing with the challenges of their work.

Answer 36

To educate professionals about sound ethical conduct.

Question 37

Practitioners are obliged not only to monitor their own behavior, but also to encourage ethical conduct in their colleagues.

Answer 37

Provide a mechanism for professional accountability

Question 38

When practitioners must interpret
and apply the codes in their own practices, the questions raised help to clarify their
positions on dilemmas that do not have simple or absolute answers.

Answer 38

Serve as catalysts for improving practice