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Biology > Chapter 1 - Intro to Bio > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro to Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Organism

A

A living being

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2
Q

Biology

A

The study of life

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3
Q

Unicellular Organism

A

A living being composed of a single cell

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4
Q

Multicellular Organism

A

A living being composed of two or more cells

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5
Q

Cell Structure

A

What makes up a cell and how its parts are arranged

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6
Q

Cell Function

A

What a cell does

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7
Q

Differentiation

A

Process of cells becoming different from their precursor cells

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8
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of internal conditions within an organism/cell

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9
Q

Stimulus

A

A physical or chemical change in the external or internal environment of an
organism

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10
Q

Response

A

Change in behavior or cell chemistry because of a stimulus

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11
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work or cause change

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12
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that makes its own food molecules using energy from the sun or
from energy-releasing reactions

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13
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism that consumes other organisms for sources

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14
Q

Cell

A

The basic unit of structure and function in an organism

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15
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

A cell that contains a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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16
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

A cell that has no true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

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17
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the reactions that occur in a cell

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18
Q

Growth

A

A change in an organism that can relate to increase in size of cells or increase in
number of cells; can also refer to changes associated with development

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19
Q

Development

A

The changes an organism undergoes as it matures

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20
Q

Reproduction

A

The creation of a new organism of same type; production of offspring

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21
Q

Inheritance

A

The passing on of traits

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22
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNA that codes for one polypeptide

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23
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Type of reproduction involving the joining of two cells (gametes); results in
offspring with genetic variations

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24
Q

Fertilization

A

The fusion of two sex cells to produce a zygote

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25
Zygote
The first cell of a new individual that is formed by sexual reproduction
26
Asexual Reproduction
Type of reproduction that results in offspring that are identical to their parent and to each other
27
Hermaphrodite
An organism that contains both male and female reproductive parts; some are self-fertile, while others must cross-fertilize
28
Adaptation
A feature of an organism that helps it to survive
29
Evolution
A change in a species over time
30
Natural Selection
Mechanism of evolution in which organisms that have traits that allow them to survive will be reproductively successful, and a greater portion of the next generation will have these advantageous traits
31
Ecology
Study of the environment and all of the organisms in it
32
Ecosystem
The organisms and the physical environment of a particular area
33
Matter
Anything that has mass and volume
34
Photosynthesis
Process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing the chemical energy in food molecules (glucose)
35
Cellular Respiration
The process of releasing energy from food molecules and transferring that energy to ATP molecules
36
Law of Conservation of Energy
During chemical reactions, energy can be neither created nor destroyed.
37
Law of Conservation of Matter
During chemical reactions, matter can be neither created nor destroyed
38
Data
Recorded observations
39
Qualitative Data
Data that deal with descriptions of qualities; examples include colors and textures
40
Quantitative Data
Data that are expressed numerically; may be counts or measurements (which require a tool)
41
Observation
Piece of information gained by using one’s senses and/or a tool
42
Sampling
Practice of studying individuals in a small group and applying what is learned to a larger group
43
Hypothesis
A testable statement about observable phenomena; often involves prediction about the outcome of an experiment (from “hypo” = below and “thesis” = definitive statement)
44
Prediction
An “if-then” statement which suggests an outcome if certain conditions are met
45
Experiment
A controlled test of an hypothesis
46
Control Group
In an experiment, the group or test that serves as a basis of comparison to other groups or tests
47
Experimental Group
In an experiment, the group or test that varies from the control group in some feature
48
Independent Variable
In an experiment, the changing feature that is unaffected by other variables (see #1 below); always graphed on the X-axis
49
Dependent Variable
In an experiment, the feature that changes in response to changes in the independent variable (see #2 below); always graphed on the Y-axis
50
Significance
Refers to results of an experiment that occurred because of a cause; significant results occur NOT by chance
51
Model
An explanatory representation of some concept (usually broad body of ideas) that may be physical, mathematical, or visual
52
Inference
A conclusion that is based on indirect evidence
53
Theory
A proposed explanation of some phenomenon that is supported by a substantial collection of data
54
Microscope
A tool that creates an enlarged image of a specimen
55
Magnification
The factor by which an image size is increased, e.g., 10x or 20x
56
Resolution
The ability of a microscope to show two individual points as separate items
57
Light Microscope
A microscope that uses light to create an image of a specimen
58
Compound Light Microscope
A light microscope that uses multiple lenses and involves light passing through a specimen
59
Stage
Platform on which to place specimen
60
Ocular Lens
Microscope lens that is closest to the eye
61
Objective Lens
Microscope lens that is closest to the specimen
62
Revolving Nose-Piece
On microscopes with more than one objective lens, the part where the objective lenses are mounted; this nose-piece turns to allow different lenses to be used
63
Arm
On a microscope, the part that connects the ocular lens/eyepiece to the stage; often gripped when the microscope is moved
64
Diaphragm
Used to adjust the amount of light that passes through the specimen; may be a disc with different-size holes or may be an iris-style mechanism
65
Dissecting Light Microscope
A light microscope that bounces light off of specimen
66
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Microscope that creates an image by using electrons that bounce off of the surface of a specimen (coated in metal)
67
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Microscope that creates an image by using electrons that pass through a very thin specimen
68
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Creates an image based on detection of electron clouds
69
Phase Contrast Microscope
Uses light in different phases to create more contrast in different parts of the image of a specimen
70
Cell Culture
Growth of cells under controlled conditions; from multicellular organisms, the cells are separated from the organism as a whole
71
Cell Fractionation
Breakage of cells so that their individual components may be studied
72
Centrifugation
Technique for separation of structures/molecules in a mixture based on their density; involves high-speed spinning of mixture
73
Chromatography
Technique for separation of substances in a mixture based on their differing solubilities in a solvent
74
Gel Electrophoresis
Technique for separation of molecules (often DNA) based on how well they follow an electrical current through some medium (gel)

Biology (2 decks)

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