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Biology > Chapter 1 - Intro to Bio > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro to Bio Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organism

A

A living being

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2
Q

Biology

A

The study of life

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3
Q

Unicellular Organism

A

A living being composed of a single cell

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4
Q

Multicellular Organism

A

A living being composed of two or more cells

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5
Q

Cell Structure

A

What makes up a cell and how its parts are arranged

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6
Q

Cell Function

A

What a cell does

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7
Q

Differentiation

A

Process of cells becoming different from their precursor cells

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8
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of internal conditions within an organism/cell

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9
Q

Stimulus

A

A physical or chemical change in the external or internal environment of an
organism

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10
Q

Response

A

Change in behavior or cell chemistry because of a stimulus

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11
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work or cause change

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12
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that makes its own food molecules using energy from the sun or
from energy-releasing reactions

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13
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism that consumes other organisms for sources

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14
Q

Cell

A

The basic unit of structure and function in an organism

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15
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

A cell that contains a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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16
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

A cell that has no true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

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17
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the reactions that occur in a cell

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18
Q

Growth

A

A change in an organism that can relate to increase in size of cells or increase in
number of cells; can also refer to changes associated with development

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19
Q

Development

A

The changes an organism undergoes as it matures

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20
Q

Reproduction

A

The creation of a new organism of same type; production of offspring

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21
Q

Inheritance

A

The passing on of traits

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22
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNA that codes for one polypeptide

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23
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Type of reproduction involving the joining of two cells (gametes); results in
offspring with genetic variations

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24
Q

Fertilization

A

The fusion of two sex cells to produce a zygote

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25
Q

Zygote

A

The first cell of a new individual that is formed by sexual reproduction

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26
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Type of reproduction that results in offspring that are identical to their parent and to each other

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27
Q

Hermaphrodite

A

An organism that contains both male and female reproductive parts; some are self-fertile, while others must cross-fertilize

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28
Q

Adaptation

A

A feature of an organism that helps it to survive

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29
Q

Evolution

A

A change in a species over time

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30
Q

Natural Selection

A

Mechanism of evolution in which organisms that have traits that allow them to survive will be reproductively successful, and a greater portion of the next generation will have these advantageous traits

31
Q

Ecology

A

Study of the environment and all of the organisms in it

32
Q

Ecosystem

A

The organisms and the physical environment of a particular area

33
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and volume

34
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing the chemical energy in food molecules (glucose)

35
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The process of releasing energy from food molecules and transferring that
energy to ATP molecules

36
Q

Law of Conservation of Energy

A

During chemical reactions, energy can be neither created nor destroyed.

37
Q

Law of Conservation of Matter

A

During chemical reactions, matter can be neither created nor destroyed

38
Q

Data

A

Recorded observations

39
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Data that deal with descriptions of qualities; examples include colors and
textures

40
Q

Quantitative Data

A

Data that are expressed numerically; may be counts or measurements (which require a tool)

41
Q

Observation

A

Piece of information gained by using one’s senses and/or a tool

42
Q

Sampling

A

Practice of studying individuals in a small group and applying what is learned to a larger group

43
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable statement about observable phenomena; often involves prediction
about the outcome of an experiment (from “hypo” = below and “thesis” =
definitive statement)

44
Q

Prediction

A

An “if-then” statement which suggests an outcome if certain conditions are met

45
Q

Experiment

A

A controlled test of an hypothesis

46
Q

Control Group

A

In an experiment, the group or test that serves as a basis of comparison to other groups or tests

47
Q

Experimental Group

A

In an experiment, the group or test that varies from the control group in some
feature

48
Q

Independent Variable

A

In an experiment, the changing feature that is unaffected by other variables (see #1 below); always graphed on the X-axis

49
Q

Dependent Variable

A

In an experiment, the feature that changes in response to changes in the
independent variable (see #2 below); always graphed on the Y-axis

50
Q

Significance

A

Refers to results of an experiment that occurred because of a cause; significant
results occur NOT by chance

51
Q

Model

A

An explanatory representation of some concept (usually broad body of ideas)
that may be physical, mathematical, or visual

52
Q

Inference

A

A conclusion that is based on indirect evidence

53
Q

Theory

A

A proposed explanation of some phenomenon that is supported by a substantial collection of data

54
Q

Microscope

A

A tool that creates an enlarged image of a specimen

55
Q

Magnification

A

The factor by which an image size is increased, e.g., 10x or 20x

56
Q

Resolution

A

The ability of a microscope to show two individual points as separate items

57
Q

Light Microscope

A

A microscope that uses light to create an image of a specimen

58
Q

Compound Light Microscope

A

A light microscope that uses multiple lenses and involves light passing through a specimen

59
Q

Stage

A

Platform on which to place specimen

60
Q

Ocular Lens

A

Microscope lens that is closest to the eye

61
Q

Objective Lens

A

Microscope lens that is closest to the specimen

62
Q

Revolving Nose-Piece

A

On microscopes with more than one objective lens, the part where the objective lenses are mounted; this nose-piece turns to allow different lenses to be used

63
Q

Arm

A

On a microscope, the part that connects the ocular lens/eyepiece to the stage; often gripped when the microscope is moved

64
Q

Diaphragm

A

Used to adjust the amount of light that passes through the specimen; may be a
disc with different-size holes or may be an iris-style mechanism

65
Q

Dissecting Light Microscope

A

A light microscope that bounces light off of specimen

66
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

A

Microscope that creates an image by using electrons that bounce off of the
surface of a specimen (coated in metal)

67
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A

Microscope that creates an image by using electrons that pass through a very thin specimen

68
Q

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

A

Creates an image based on detection of electron clouds

69
Q

Phase Contrast Microscope

A

Uses light in different phases to create more contrast in different parts of the
image of a specimen

70
Q

Cell Culture

A

Growth of cells under controlled conditions; from multicellular organisms, the cells are separated from the organism as a whole

71
Q

Cell Fractionation

A

Breakage of cells so that their individual components may be studied

72
Q

Centrifugation

A

Technique for separation of structures/molecules in a mixture based on their density; involves high-speed spinning of mixture

73
Q

Chromatography

A

Technique for separation of substances in a mixture based on their differing
solubilities in a solvent

74
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

Technique for separation of molecules (often DNA) based on how well they
follow an electrical current through some medium (gel)

Biology (2 decks)

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