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Immunology > Chapter 1: Intro > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity

A

State protection against foreign pathogens

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2
Q

Immune system

A

Collection of cells, tissues, and molecules which provide specific and non-specific protection against microbes, their toxins, and tumor cells

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3
Q

Pathogen

A

Microbe capable of causing disease

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4
Q

Infection

A

Ability of pathogen to enter host, multiply

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5
Q

Immunogen

A

Any substance that elicits an immune response

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6
Q

Epitope (determinant)

A

the part of an antigen that is specifically recognized by individual lymphocytes

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7
Q

Antigen

A

Any molecule that binds to immunoglobulin or a T cell receptor regardless of its ability to stimulate an immune response

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8
Q

Antibody (AB)

A

A type of glycoproteins (immunoglobulin) produced by B lymphocytes that binds antigen

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9
Q

Vaccine

A

A preparation of microbial antigen which is given to an individual to induce protective immunity

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10
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

Fraction of serum responsible for toxin neutralization/ precipitation (active molecules within are antibodies)

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11
Q

Antiserum

A

Blood serum that contains antibodies against a pathogen. Also includes antivenoms

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12
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Immune protection without having to produce antibodies
Natural: infants from mother
Unnatural: Antiserum injection after infection exposure

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13
Q

Active Immunity

A

Renewable long-lived protection from a specific infectious organism
Natural: after successfully fighting off many types of infection
Synthetic: Vaccines

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14
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

Cell-mediated immunity: develop and mature in the thymus

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15
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

Humoral immunity (produce antibodies) mature in the bone marrow

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16
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity

A

Work of pathogen specific T-cells to directly eradicate infected cells and to aid in activating other immune cells

17
Q

Clonal Selection

A

The receptor type of a B or T cell is selected before it comes in contact with antigen (highly random mutation). If its viable AND comes in contact with its matching antigen, it is ‘activated’ and will proliferate

18
Q

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

Common foreign structures that characterize whole groups of pathogens

19
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

A

Expressed by white blood cells and specifically recognize common foreign structures (PAMPs) and help to activate innate immunity

20
Q

Tolerance:

A

Ability of immune response to discriminate self from non-self. Failure to do so can lead to autoimmunity

21
Q

Danger/ damage model of tolerance:

A

Seeing “other” without a ‘danger signal’ may not trigger immune response, while seeing ‘self’ WITH danger signals/ in the wrong context can break tolerance and trigger an immune response

22
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Rapid recognition and phagocytosis/ pathogen destruction. Fast and non-specific

23
Q

Complement

A

Pre-existing serum proteins to bind to PAMP structures and start immune cascade

24
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

More specific, but slower. uses B/T lymphocytes (takes 5-6 days after initial exposure to be up and running) Has memory, and is Immunity that is supported by vaccination

25
Q

Sentinel cells

A

WBC which reside in specific tissues and act as local alarm systems and first responders.

26
Q

Primary immunodeficiency

A

Caused by inherited genetic factors

27
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency

A

Caused by disruption/ damage due to chemical, physical, or biological agents (starvation, HIV infection, cancer/ chemotherapy etc.)

28
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

A

Affects B/T cells, wiping out adaptive immunity. Will cause early death by infection if not treated with a bone marrow transplant

29
Q

Dysbiosis (Gut Microbiome)

A

Causes immune overstimulation, leading to inflammation (gut barrier permeability, Gut-Brain-Immune system dysregulation) can lead to metabolic disruptions (T2D), Chronic inflammation (IBD), and neurological impacts (mood disorders)

30
Q

Properties of adaptive immune response; specificity

A

Ensures that distinct antigens elicit specific responses

31
Q

Properties of adaptive immune response; diversity

A

Enables immune system to respond to a large variety of antigens

32
Q

Properties of adaptive immune response; memory

A

Leads to enhanced responses to repeated exposures to the same antigens

33
Q

Properties of adaptive immune response; clonal expansion

A

Increases number of antigen-specific lymphocytes from a small number of naïve lymphocytes

34
Q

Properties of adaptive immune response; specialization

A

Generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microbes

35
Q

Properties of adaptive immune response; contraction and homeostasis

A

Allows immune system to recover from one response so that it can effectively respond to newly encountered antigens

36
Q

Properties of adaptive immune response; nonreactivity to self

A

Prevents injury to the host during responses to foreign antigens

37
Q

Properties of adaptive immune response; immunological tolerance

A

Ability of the immune system to coexist with self-antigens. Ensures immune system avoids destroying host tissue

Immunology (8 decks)

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