Chapter 1- Intro

Question 1

Anatomical position

Answer 1

Body wrecked feet slightly apart palms facing forward thumbs pointing away from the body

Question 2

Directional terms

Answer 2

Describe one body structure in relation to another body structure

• direction is always based on standard anatomical position
• right and left refer to the body being viewed not right and left of the observer

Question 3

Superior or cranial

Answer 3

Refers to towards the head or upper part of a structure or the body above

Question 4

Inferior or caudal

Answer 4

Away from the head and more towards the lower part of a structure or the body below.

Question 5

Anterior or ventral

Answer 5

Toward or at the front of the body

Question 6

Posterior or dorsal

Answer 6

Toward or at the back of the body

Question 7

Medial

Answer 7

Toward or at the midline of the body

Question 8

Lateral

Answer 8

Away from the midline of the body: on the outer side of..

Question 9

Intermediate

Answer 9

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Question 10

Proximal

Answer 10

Close to the origin of the body parts or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

*The elbow is proximal to the rest

Question 11

Distal

Answer 11

Farther away from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

*The knee is distal to the thigh

Question 12

Superficial (external)

Answer 12

Toward or at the body surface

• The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

Question 13

Deep or internal

Answer 13

Away from the body surface more internal

*The lungs are deep to the skin

Question 14

What are the two major divisions of body?

Answer 14

Axial which refers to head neck and trunk

Appendicular which refers to limbs both upper and lower

Question 15

Dorsal cavity

Answer 15

Includes:

• cranial cavity with brain
• ventral cavity with spinal cord

Question 16

Thoracic cavity contains?

Answer 16

The heart and lungs

• superior mediastinum
• pleura cavity
• pericardial cavity with mediastinum

Question 17

What does the diaphragm do

Answer 17

Divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Question 18

Abdominal cavity

Answer 18

Contains digestive viscera (organs)

Question 19

Pelvic cavity contains

Answer 19

Urinary bladder reproductive organs and rectum

Question 20

Ventral cavity contains

Answer 20

The thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavity’s

Question 21

Membranes in ventral body cavity

Answer 21

Serosa known as serious membrane.- thin, double layered membrane that covers surfaces in ventral body cavity

Question 22

Parietal serosa

Answer 22

Lines internal body cavity walls

Question 23

Visceral serosa

Answer 23

Covers internal organs a.k.a. viscera

Question 24

Double layers are separated by split like cavities filled with

Answer 24

Serous Fluid

*fluid is secreted by both layers of membrane

Question 25

Peritoneume

Answer 25

Abdominopelvic cavity

Question 26

Necessary for life function

Answer 26

Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

Question 27

Homeostasis

Answer 27

The body’s ability to detect change activate mechanism that oppose it and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions

Question 28

Gradients are managed by?

Answer 28

Negative feedback

Question 29

Survival needs for humans in the appropriate amounts are…

Answer 29

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature a.k.a. heat, appropriate atmospheric pressure

Gradients!

Question 30

Positive feedback

Answer 30

Works with the direction of the change

Examples, childbirth blood clotting proteins digestion fever and generation of nerve cells and is often associated with just function disease or harm self amplifying and can spiral out of control.

Question 31

Negative feedback

Answer 31

Works against the direction of change

• almost all systems in the body are negative feedback

Examples: body temperature and control of blood pressure

Question 32

Homeostatic control mechanisms

Answer 32

1. receptor – monitors the environment and response to changes
2. Control center or integrator – determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
3. effector – provides the means to respond to stimuli