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Immunohematology and Serology > Chapter 1 - Intro > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of antigens?

A
  • Usually thought of as infectious agent
  • Can also be environmental substances
  • Can also be synthetic structures
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2
Q

Characteristics:

- Innate or natural immunity

A
  • Available quickly

- Not specific to the pathogen in question

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3
Q

Characteristics:

- Acquired immunity

A
  • Specific
    • Reaction to one pathogen doesn’t protect from another
  • Large scope
    • Lots of invaders can be targeted, some that don’t even exist yet
  • Can discriminate
    • Can react against what is foreign and not against self
  • Has memory
    • So an individual is protected by vaccines
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4
Q

What are the structural barriers of the innate immune system (5)?

A
  • Skin
  • Cough reflex
  • Sneeze
  • Mucus, associated cilia
  • Ear wax
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5
Q

What are the chemical/bacterial influences of the innate immune system

A
  • Chemical influences
    • Acidity
  • – sweat (pH 5.6)
  • – sebaceous glands
  • – vagina (pH 5)
  • – stomach (pH 1)
    • Lysozyme is an enzyme present in the skin and stomach, tears
  • Normal flora
    • Prevent other bacteria from growing
    • Affected by antibiotics
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6
Q

What are the organs of the acquired immune system (6)?

A
  • tonsil
  • lymph node/lymphatics
  • thymus
  • spleen
  • Peyer’s patches
  • bone marrow
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7
Q

What cells comprise the blood portion of the innate immune system (3)?

A
  • Granulocytes
    • Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,
  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
    • Natural killer cells (NK cells)
    • Lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells)
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8
Q

What cells are found in the tissue portion of the innate immune system (3)?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Mast cells
  • Dendritic cells
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9
Q
  • What does CD stand for?

- With regards to CD, what do all white blood cells have in common?

A
  • clusters of differentiation: surface markers that differentiate WBCs from each other
  • All WBCs are CD 45+
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10
Q
  • What CD markers are present on all granulocytes?

- Where do granulocytes get their name?

A
  • CD 45+, CD15+
  • Granules in cytoplasm
    • Named for their granule staining when stained using Wright stain
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11
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes and how did each of them get their names?

A
  • Neutrophils –neutral staining
  • Eosinophils –red staining
  • Basophils –blue staining
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12
Q
  • When do the granulocytes get to an infection?

- What is the life span in the blood? In the tissue?

A
  • First cells to enter acute infection site

- Short lived: 12hrs in blood, 1-2 days in tissue

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13
Q

What is the role of the neutrophil (3)?

A
  • Active in phagocytosis
  • Some involvement in antigen presentation
  • Attracted to site of infection by chemotaxins
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14
Q
  • What is the role of the eosinophil?

- What % of WBCs are eosinophils?

A
  • Involved in antiparasitic responses and allergic reactions
    • Increase in number in these responses
  • Make up 1-3% of white blood cells
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15
Q
  • What is the role of the basophil?

- When do you see a higher concentration?

A
  • Rarest granulocyte
  • Function not completely defined
    • May have a role in inflammation and allergy
    • May increase in concentration in:
  • – leukemia
  • – some allergic responses
  • – chronic inflammation
  • – patients following radiation therapy
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16
Q

Mast cells

  • What is the primary role?
  • What granules do they release?
  • Where in the body are they found?
A
  • Primary role in allergic and antiparasitic reactions
    • Have surface receptor for IgE
  • Contain granules of histamine and heparin
  • Found in tissues, in connective tissues, and near mucosal surfaces
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17
Q

Macrophages:

- What CD cluster is present?

A
  • Macrophages CD14+
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18
Q

Macrophages - names of cells in each of the following locations:

  • Blood
  • Tissue
  • Liver
  • Neural tissue
  • Connective tissue
A
  • blood: monocytes
  • tissue: macrophages
  • liver: Kupfer cells
  • neural tissue: microglial cells
  • connective tissue: histiocytes
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19
Q

Macrophages - names of cells in each of the following locations:

  • Bone
  • Kidney
  • Lungs
  • Plaque of atherosclerosis
A
  • bone: osteoclasts
  • kidney: mesanglial cells
  • lungs: alveolar macrophage or dust cells
  • In heart disease in a plaque of atherosclerosis, they are called foam cells
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20
Q

Macrophages:

  • % of WBCs
  • When do they increase in number?
  • What is the life span?
A
  • Make up 4–6% of white blood cells
  • Increase in number with inflammation, infection, and certain cancers
    • Important in antigen presentation
    • Important in phagocytosis of pathogens
  • Life span can be several months
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21
Q

Dendritic cells

  • What is the CD marker?
  • Where in the body in the immature state?
    • The mature state?
  • What is the primary role?
A
  • CD11c+
  • In bloodstream in immature state
  • In tissues in mature state
  • Very active in phagocytosis and antigen presentation
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22
Q
  • How are Natural killer (NK) cells differentiated from other lymphocytes?
  • What type of cells/infections do they kill/respond to?
A
  • Unlike other lymphocytes not antigen specific
  • Kill tumor cells and virally infected cells
  • Can respond to bacterial and protozoal infections
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23
Q

What two methods do NK cells use to kill their targets?

A
  • Make direct contact with their target

- Antibody directed cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

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24
Q
  • What cytokine surface receptor do NK cells have?

- What does that cytokine do to the NK cells?

A
  • NK cells have surface receptor for the cytokine IL-2
  • Form Lymphokine Activated Killer cells (LAK)
    • Are more efficient at killing the target
    • Used in cancer therapy
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25
Q

What are the three classes of molecules of the innate immune system?

A
  • Pattern recognition receptors
  • The molecules produced in response to the infection (cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and acute phase reactants)
  • Complement proteins
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26
Q

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs):

  • What are they?
  • Where are they found, and what do they do?
A
  • Recognize surface molecules expressed in groups of microorganisms
  • On cell surface or as molecules in solution
    • Cell surface
  • – Involved in phagocytosis and cytokine release
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27
Q

What are the most common Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (7)?

A
  • Unmethylated DNA
  • DNA with increased amounts of CpG
  • ds and ss RNA
  • Terminal mannose
  • LPS
  • peptioglycan
  • flagellin
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28
Q

Acute Phase Reactants

  • Molecular size?
  • What role do they play?
A
  • Usually <100 amino acids
  • Bind to the cell wall of the microbe
    • Increase membrane permeability to kill pathogen
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29
Q

Acute Phase Reactants

  • What are the two main families?
  • What cells produce them?
  • Where in the body are they found?
A
  • Two major families of antimicrobial peptides
    • Defensins and cathelicidins
  • – Different secondary structures, similar function
  • Produced by epithelial cells and phagocytes
  • Provide protection at epithelial surfaces
30
Q

Acute Phase Reactants

  • What are they?
  • What is the notable test that levels can effect?
  • What type of cells stimulate production?
A
  • Proteins whose concentrations change with inflammation
  • May cause the inflammation associated increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (esr)
  • Production stimulated by cytokines
31
Q

Acute Phase Reactants

- What are some examples (6)?

A
  • C-reactive protein
  • alpha-1 acid glycoprotein
  • haptoglobulin
  • fibrinogen
  • serum amyloid A
  • complement
32
Q

What are the three processes of the innate immune system?

A
  • Inflammation
  • Chemotaxis
  • Phagocytosis
33
Q

Inflammation:

What is the purpose (4)?

A
  • Brings the response to the infection
  • Helps eliminate the infection
  • Repairs damage
  • Removes any debris caused by the infection or by the response
34
Q

Inflammation:

  • What are the hallmarks?
  • What responses does it illicit?
A
  • Hallmarks
    • Redness, swelling, heat, pain, sometimes also loss of function
  • Responses
    • Increases in blood supply and capillary permeability
    • Migration of neutrophils then macrophage to site
35
Q

Chemotactic factors

  • What are they (what do they include)?
  • What do they do?
A
  • Include complement pathway products, cytokines and other cellular products
  • Bring cells to phagocytize invaders
36
Q

Phagocytosis

- Define

A
  • Process wherein leukocyte engulfs and digests and kills the microbe
37
Q

Phagocytosis

- How does cell attachment occur?

A
  • PRRs binding to PAMPS
  • Opsonins (Greek “to prepare food for”) - makes antigens look “tastier”
  • Some pathogens can survive in phagocytic cells and the ride in these cells helps spread infection
38
Q

What is the cellular part of the innate immune system?

The humoral part?

A
  • Phagocytosis cellular part

- Acute phase reactants humoral part

39
Q
  • What are the cells of the acquired immune system?
  • What % of WBCs?
  • Nuclear morphology?
A
  • Lymphocyte: T and B cells
  • 20% of circulating white blood cells
  • Almost all nucleus
40
Q

Lymphocytes

  • What cells do they arise from?
  • How do they get their names?
A
  • Arise from hematopoietic stem cells
  • Differentiate in primary lymphoid organs to T or B cells
    • Named from their location of maturation
  • – Mature to become T cells in the thymus
  • – In mammals mature to become B cells in the bone marrow
41
Q

What are the two arms of the acquired immune system?

A
  • Humoral arm
    • Antibody mediated immunity
  • Cellular arm
    • T cell mediated immunity
42
Q

How do B and T cells recognize antigen?

A
  • through a specific molecule on their surfaces
    • B cell
  • – This is surface immunoglobulin
    • T cells
  • – This structure is called the T cell receptor
43
Q
  • Why are the antibody gamma globulins named so?

- How many are there?

A
  • Named gamma because the immunoglobulin moves slower than albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta globulins
  • In serum protein electrophoresis serum proteins separate into 5 proteins
44
Q

What are the 5 types of antibody molecules?

A
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgA
  • IgE
  • IgD
45
Q

Describe the basic structure of an antibody molecule

A
  • Two heavy chains make up the constant region and a portion of the variable region.
  • The heavy chains are joined at the constant region by a pair of disulfide bonds.
  • Two light chains join the heavy chains and complete the variable region. They are linked to the heavy chains by a single disulfide bond
46
Q

What triggers the B cells to

produce antibody?

A
  • a response to the antigen specifically binding to the surface immunoglobulin on the B cell
47
Q

How are B cells characterized?

A
  • by the antibody in response to the antigen specifically binding to the surface immunoglobulin on the B cell
  • by the presence of the surface molecules CD 19, 20, 21
48
Q
  • How are the T cells activated?

- What cells are responsible for doing this?

A
  • Respond to antigens bound to their T-cell receptor (TCR)
  • Presented by an antigen presenting cell
    • In either a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I molecule or MHC Class II molecule
49
Q

Major Histocompatibility complex

  • where did the name come from?
  • where do we get them from?
  • what role do they serve?
A
  • Named because these antigens discovered due to their role in the rejection or acceptance (compatibility) of tissue (histo) grafts
  • Genetically inherited molecules
  • Important in antigen presentation and in the immune response
50
Q

What do B cells become upon antigen stimulation?

A
  • B cells become antibody secreting plasma cells or memory cells with antigen stimulation
51
Q

What are the three types of T cells and what do they do?

A
  • helper T cells that secrete cytokines, which upregulate the immune response
  • cytotoxic T cells that kill target cells after making direct contact with their target
  • regulatory T cells, which serve to downregulate the immune response
52
Q
  • What MHC class do helper T cells respond to?

- What MHC class do cytotoxic T cells respond to?

A
  • T helper cells respond to a specific antigen bound to their TCR and the MHC class II molecule of the APC
  • T cytotoxic cells respond to a specific antigen bound to their TCR and the MHC class I molecule of the APC
53
Q
  • What MHC class do regulatory T cells respond to?
A
  • cells bind to their specific antigen through their TCR
    • In MHC class II molecules of the APC
    • Or sometimes in MHC class I of APC
54
Q

What CD markers do:

  • All T-cells have?
  • T helper cells have?
  • T cytotoxic cells have?
A
  • CD 3 +
  • T helper cells are CD 4+
  • T cytotoxic cells are CD 8+
55
Q
  • What CD markers do T regulatory cells have?

- What specific marker characterizes these cells?

A
  • Usually CD4+
  • CD8+ regulatory cells can also be found
  • Foxp3+ serves as the marker that characterizes these cells
56
Q

What is the difference between the primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  • Primary lymphoid organs: Where lymphocytes mature into T and B cells
  • Secondary lymphoid organs: Where lymphocytes meet antigens
57
Q

Primary lymphatic organs

  • What happens to lymphocytes in these organs?
  • What happens to antigens in these organs?
A
  • Lymphocytes are generated
  • Initial differentiation of lymphoid cells occurs
    • Forms mature T cells, B cells, and NK cells
  • Antigen contact results in cell death via apoptosis
58
Q

Primary lymphatic organs

  • Bone marrow: what type of cells are produced here?
  • Thymus: what type of cells are produced here?
A
  • Bone marrow
    • Major site of hematopoiesis after gestation
    • B cells and NK cells are produced here
  • Thymus
    • T cells are produced here
59
Q

Primary lymphatic organs

- Bone marrow: what are 5 major components?

A
  • Hematopoietic stem cells -can be any blood type
  • Macrophages
  • Stromal cells
  • Connective tissue
  • Adipocytes
60
Q

Thymus

  • Morphology & location
  • Size throughout life
A
  • A bi-lobed organ below thyroid and over heart
  • ~22 grams at birth
  • increases to ~ 35 grams at puberty
  • After puberty it decreases in size, becomes mostly fat and fibrous tissue
  • Largest organ compared to person’s mass at birth
61
Q

Thymus

  • Process of T cell maturity
    • sites
    • cell types
    • pathway
A
  • Lymphoid progenitor cells enter from bone marrow at cortex
    • Become immature thymocytes, cortical epithelial cells, and macrophages
  • Thymic nurse cells between cortex and medulla
    • Help thymocytes mature
62
Q

Thymocytes

  • What CD markers do they begin with?
  • What is the first step in their maturation?
A
  • Begin as CD3-, CD4-, and CD8-

- First step in their maturation, T cell receptors develop that have either alpha beta chains or gamma delta chains

63
Q

Thymocytes

  • How much (relative) T cell population do the gamma delta chains make up?
  • What will they become?
  • What CD markers do they have?
A
  • minor population of specialized T cells
  • Will become the T cells of the gut mucosa and the epidermis
  • CD3+, but they are both CD4- and CD8-
64
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

  • What happens with lymphocytes in these organs?
  • What brings the antigens to these organs?
  • Describe the path of circulation of lymphocytes
A
  • Lymphocytes meet trapped antigen + APCs; Proliferate if it is their Ag (lymphocytes respond to one antigen only)
  • Ag brought to lymph nodes by phagocytic cells
  • Lymphocytes circulate through lymphatic vessels and secondary lymphatics
65
Q
  • What happens after B and T cells meet their antigen?

- Through what process do they mature?

A
  • B cells make antibody
  • T cells making cytotoxic or helper response
  • Maturation by somatic mutation
66
Q

What are the 5 secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Tonsils
  • Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
  • Skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
67
Q

The lymph nodes

  • where are they?
  • under what circumstances do they increase in size?
A
  • Located where lymphatic vessels meet

- Increase in size brought about by the proliferation of antigen-responsive lymphocytes

68
Q

What are the three main roles of the spleen?

A
  • Captures antigens from the bloodstream
  • A site where lymphocytes in circulatory system meet antigens
  • Remove aged red blood cells
69
Q

Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

  • where located?
  • what are two subclasses of MALT?
A
  • Where the inside of the body meets the outside world
  • Respiratory-associated lymphoid tissue (RALT)
  • Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
70
Q

Skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)

- what type of cells (6) make up SALT?

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • Make cytokines
  • Antigen-presenting cells
  • Natural killer cells
  • Mast cells
  • Epidermal lymphocytes

Immunohematology and Serology (8 decks)

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