Chapter 1 - Immune System Flashcards
What is tolerance
Tolerance means the immune system knows how to recognize itself and not react to it as a foreign invader
Which of the 2 parts of the immune system are present at birth
Innate immune system
Does the innate immune system change over time
No the innate immune system does not change over the lifetime of an individual
Which if the 2 parts of the immune system requiresl exposure to an infectious agent to develop a response
The adaptive immune system
What are the 3 components of innate immunity present at birth
Physical barriers, WBC, natural killer (NK) cells
What are the physical barriers
Skin, internal mucosal linings (GI tract, GU tract, Upper resp. Tract)
What do WBC do
Bind to bacteria, envelop them, and digest them with the release of intracellular toxins
What are the WBC of the innate immune system seen in CBC differential
Monocytes
Granulocytes (3 types)
Natural killer cells
What are the 3 types of granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Describe function of monocytes
Monocytes circulate in blood, when they leave blood circulation, they migrate into tissues and mature into macrophages which guard the borders of potential entry and are found in abundance in many organs
Which type of WBC is the most abundant
Granulocytes
Where do granulocytes concentrate
At the site of infection
Name 3 types of granulocytes
Neutrophils (most numerous)
Eosinophils
Basophils
What is phagocytosis
Process of evvelop8ng and digesting microbes
What do neutrophils do
Clear bacteria and fungi by phagocytosis. Associated with intense inflammation and pus
What do eosinophils do
Fight parasitic infections, regulate release of histamines
What do basophils do
Release cytotoxic granules directed toward parasites. Contain histamine. Can cause edema and itching
What do natural killer cells do
Can act on its own, recognizes damaged cells. Important for surveillance of cancerous and precancerous cells. Viral infections.
What is the complement system
Proteins made mostly in liver and complement actions of immune cells.
What are cytokines
Cell to cell chemical mediators made by immune cells to influence actions of other cells. Function to enhance activation of immune cells
Name 3 types of cytokines
Interleukins
Interferon
Tumor necrosis factor
Name one anti TNF drug
Enbrel
Name a condition interleukins can help treat
Asthma
Name a condition interferon can help treat
Viral infections, hepatitis
What are the cells of the adaptive immune system
Lymphocytes
Where do lymphocytes originate
One marrow from a common stem cell
Describe B-lymphocytes
They mature in the bone marrow and mature into plasma cells. Produce antibodies that circulate on the blood and extra-cellular fluids.
What does each b-lymphocyte make
A single immunoglobulin protein called an antibody
Cells that recognize altered surface molecules on mutated host cells as foreign and move to destroy the cell that carries them are
Natural killer cells
True or false
Low serum globular cam indicate a primary immune deficiency
True
True or false
Polyclonal gammopathy is frequently associated with chronic infections
True
The severity of am HIV infection can be determined by:
a) T helper cells
b) HIV viral load
c) basophil level
Helper T cells
The type of immune cells that differentiates in the bone marrow is
B-lymphocytes
Which of the following is true of t lymphocytes:
A) one type is cytotoxic t cells
B) they eliminate infected cells
C) they provide immunity by production of antibodies
A and b only are correct
