Chapter 1 Hydrology and fluvial geomorphology

Question 1

Drainage basin?

Answer 1

Area of land drained by water

Question 2

Hydrological cycle?

Answer 2

Refers to the movement of water between atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere

Question 3

Precipitation 💦

Answer 3

the CONVERSION and TRANSFER of moisture in the atmosphere to the LAND.

includes rainfall, snow, frost, hail and dew.

Question 4

Output; evaporation?💨

Answer 4

Conversion of water into gas 💦💨

Question 5

Output; transpiration🌳

Answer 5

Water vapor escapes from living plants

Question 6

Evapotranspiration 🙈💨🌳

Answer 6

The combined effects of evaporation and transportation

Question 7

Mention the different stores of the drainage systems🌳🌳💦

Answer 7

🌔 interception

🌔soil water

🌔surface water

🌔ground water

🌔channel storage

Question 8

Interception loss?

Answer 8

Retained water by plants that is later evaporated 💦

Question 9

Throughfall? 🌳💦

Answer 9

Water that drops from leaves/twigs/branches

Question 10

Stemflow?

Answer 10

Water that Flows down/trickles down the twigs and branches of a plant

Question 11

⬆️precipitation ➕⬇️infiltration =

Answer 11

Overland flow🌊🏞

Question 12

Porosity 🗿

Answer 12

Capacity of a rock to hold water 💦

Question 13

Permeability 🗿💧

Answer 13

Ability to transmit water through a rock

Question 14

Infiltration 👀

Answer 14

Soaking of water into the soil 💦

Question 15

Percolation ⬇️💧

Answer 15

The downward movement of water from the soil into bedrock

Question 16

ThroughFLOW⏩💦

Answer 16

Flow of water through the soil

Question 17

Aquifers 🗿💦

Answer 17

Permeable rocks

Question 18

Methods of Groundwater recharge:

Answer 18

🌊infiltration

🌊seepage

🌊groundwater leakage and inflow

🌊artificial recharge

Question 19

Methods of losing ground water

Answer 19

🌫 evapotranspiration

🌫 natural discharge

🌫 artificial Abstraction

Question 20

BaseFlow 🏖

Answer 20

ground water that seeps into The river bed

Question 21

Water table 💦🪑

Answer 21

The upper layer above the phreatic zone

Question 22

What is used to show the relationship of River discharge in a drainage basin ?

Answer 22

🌊 Hydrograph

Question 23

State the characteristics of a hydrograph🦋

Answer 23

🦋Rising limb
🦋recessional limb
🦋peak flow/discharge
🦋time lag

Question 24

River regime 🥑?

Answer 24

Annual variation in the

River discharge

Question 25

State 2 main factors that influence a storm hydrograph

Answer 25

💡Climate

💡 Drainage basin characteristics

Question 26

Bed+bank by load?

Answer 26

Abrasion 🪨🪨

Question 27

Load by load?

Answer 27

🌫attrition

Question 28

Force of air + water?

Answer 28

Hydraulic action

Question 29

Solution 🪢

Answer 29

Taking away of chemical ions

Question 30

Cavitation 🦷💨

Answer 30

Force of exploding air 💥

Question 31

State factors that speed up 🪨💥(erosion)

Answer 31

💥 hard sharp/soft  rocks
💥 acidic conditions
💥 human interference
💥 Gradient
💥 velocity

Question 32

How is load transported?🌊🪨

Answer 32

🪨Saltation
🪨Traction
🪨Suspension
🪨 Solution

Question 33

Hjülstrom curve🚙

Answer 33

Shows the relationship between erosion, transportation and deposition

Question 34

What factors could affect erosion?

Answer 34

Hard sharp rocks
soft erodible rocks
velocity
gradient
human interference

Question 35

State the patterns of flow

Answer 35

Laminar
Turbulent
Helicoidal

Question 36

Laminar flow?

Answer 36

flow in sheets

parallel to the bed

Question 37

Turbulent flow?

Answer 37

high velocity

complex channel morphology

Question 38

Helicoidal flow??

Answer 38

horizontal turbulence

‘corkscrewing motion’

Question 39

There are 3 main Channel types, which are?

Answer 39

Straight channels
Meanders
Braided

Question 40

Abstraction?

Answer 40

The act of drawing up water

Question 41

Recurrence Interval

Answer 41

How often a flood is likely to occur

Question 42

Mention the factors that affect infiltration

Answer 42

Antecedent soil moisture
Permeability
porosity
type of soil
precipitation size