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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1 Human Organism (1.1-1.4) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Human Organism (1.1-1.4) Flashcards

1
Q

study of the structures of the human body
to dissect, cut apart, or separate

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

etymology: “ana”

A

to seperate

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3
Q

etymology: “tomy”

A

to cut/slice

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4
Q

2 basic approaches to study anatomy

A

Systemic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy

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5
Q

study of the body by organ system
(ex: cardiovascular, nervous, etc)

A

Systemic Anatomy

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6
Q

study of the organizations of the body
by areas (ex: head, abdomen, etc)

each/all systems are studied
simultaneously in that specific region

A

Regional Anatomy

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7
Q

2 general ways to examine the internal structures of the body

A

Surface Anatomy
Anatomical Imaging

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8
Q

deals with the processes or functions of living things

A

Physiology

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9
Q

it is important to recognize structures as ——- rather than fixed and unchanging

A

dynamic

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10
Q

what are the goals of physiology?

A

• to understand and predict the body’s response to
stimuli
• to understand how the body maintains internal
conditions within a narrow range of values in the
presence of continually changing internal and
external environments

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11
Q

study of a specific organism, the
human

A

Human Physiology

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12
Q

study of the structure and function of the human body

A

Anatomy and Physiology

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13
Q

Anatomy and Physiology examines the relationship between the ——- of the body part and its ——

A

structure and function

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14
Q

includes the structure of the body parts, their
microscopic organization, and the processes by which they
develop

A

Anatomy and Physiology

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15
Q

changes in the environmental information

A

stimuli

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16
Q

6 structural levels of the human body

A

chemical
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

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17
Q

involves how atoms interact and
combine into molecules

A

Chemical Level

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18
Q

structural and functional characteristics
of all organisms are determined by ———-

A

chemical makeup

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19
Q

parts of cell level

A

cells & organelles

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20
Q

basic structural and functional units of organisms

A

Cells

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21
Q

formed by combinations of molecules

A

organelles

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22
Q

“little organs”

A

organelles

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23
Q

group of smaller cells and the materials surrounding them

A

tissue

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24
Q

4 primary types of tissues

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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25
Q

epithelial tissue:
Connective tissue:
muscular tissue:
nervous tissue:

A

skin
blood
muscle
neurons

26
Q

composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common function

A

organ

27
Q

major organs of the body

A

brain
spinl cord
ling
heart
liver
pancreas
galbladder
kidney
large intestine
urinary bladder
spinal cord
spleen
stomach
kidney
small intestine

28
Q

• group of organs classified as a unit/system because of a common function or set of functions
• coordinated activity of the organ system is necessary for normal function

A

organ system

29
Q

any living thing considered as whole

A

organism

30
Q

complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another

A

Human Organism

31
Q

etymology “physis”

A

nature

32
Q

chemicals in the body CHONPS

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Sulfur

33
Q

6 Characteristics of life

A

Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction

34
Q

(Characteristic of life) specific interrelationships among the individual parts of an organism, and how those parts interact to perform specific functions

A

Organization

35
Q

(Characteristic of life) sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism

A

Metabolism

36
Q

(Characteristic of life) ability to use energy to perform other vital functions such as growth, movement, and reproduction.

A

Metabolism

37
Q

(Characteristic of life) ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment, make adjustments, and help maintain its life

includes both internal and external environment

A

Responsiveness

38
Q

(Characteristic of Life) increase in size of all or part of an
organism

can result from an increase in cell
number, cell size, or the amount of
substance surrounding cells

A

Growth

39
Q

(Characteristic of Life) changes an organism undergoes through time

starts when the egg is fertilized by the sperm and ends with death

A

Development

40
Q

Change in cell structure and function from generalized to specific

A

Differentiation

41
Q

formation of new cells or new organisms

without formation of cells, growth and tissue repair are impossible

A

Reproduction

42
Q

existence or maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite the fluctuations in either the\ external or internal environment

A

Homeostasis

43
Q

etymology: “homeo”

A

same

44
Q

etymology “stasis”

A

standing still; to stop

45
Q

measures of body properties that may change in value

A

Variables

46
Q

Examples of variables

A

Body temperature
Heart Rate
Blood Pressure
Blood glucose levels

47
Q

normal values
Temperature
Heart rate
Blood Pressure
Blood Glucose levels
Respiratory Rate

A

37 C
60-100 bpm
<120 <80
80-126 mEg/L
12-16 bpm

48
Q

acceptable range of values on which
homeostatic mechanisms can still be
met

A

Normal Range

49
Q

Ideal value

A

Set point

50
Q

Normally maintain body temperature
near an average normal value or set
point
not precisely at the set point but
around it, producing a normal range of
values

A

Homeostatic Mechanism

51
Q

main mechanism used in homeostatic regulation

“to decrease”

any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted

A

Negative Feedback Mechanism

52
Q

3 components of Negative feedback mechanism

A

Receptor
Control Center
Effector

53
Q

monitors the value of a variable by detecting stimuli

A

Receptor

54
Q

determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable

A

Control Center

55
Q

can change the value of the variable by the control center

A

Effector

56
Q

occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
“to increase”

deviation from the set point becomes
even greater

not homeostatic and is rare in healthy
individuals

can be more harmful than helpful

A

Positive Feedback Mechanism

57
Q

massive blood loss

A

Positive Feedback Mechanism

58
Q

Contractions during child birth

A

Positive Feedback mechanism

59
Q

often there are more than one effector for a particular homeostatic mechanism

A

true

60
Q

hallmark of negative feedback

A

effector stops their response once the variable has returned to its set point

they do not produce an indefinite response

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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