Chapter 1 Human Organism (1.1-1.4) Flashcards
study of the structures of the human body
to dissect, cut apart, or separate
Anatomy
etymology: “ana”
to seperate
etymology: “tomy”
to cut/slice
2 basic approaches to study anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
study of the body by organ system
(ex: cardiovascular, nervous, etc)
Systemic Anatomy
study of the organizations of the body
by areas (ex: head, abdomen, etc)
each/all systems are studied
simultaneously in that specific region
Regional Anatomy
2 general ways to examine the internal structures of the body
Surface Anatomy
Anatomical Imaging
deals with the processes or functions of living things
Physiology
it is important to recognize structures as ——- rather than fixed and unchanging
dynamic
what are the goals of physiology?
• to understand and predict the body’s response to
stimuli
• to understand how the body maintains internal
conditions within a narrow range of values in the
presence of continually changing internal and
external environments
study of a specific organism, the
human
Human Physiology
study of the structure and function of the human body
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology examines the relationship between the ——- of the body part and its ——
structure and function
includes the structure of the body parts, their
microscopic organization, and the processes by which they
develop
Anatomy and Physiology
changes in the environmental information
stimuli
6 structural levels of the human body
chemical
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
involves how atoms interact and
combine into molecules
Chemical Level
structural and functional characteristics
of all organisms are determined by ———-
chemical makeup
parts of cell level
cells & organelles
basic structural and functional units of organisms
Cells
formed by combinations of molecules
organelles
“little organs”
organelles
group of smaller cells and the materials surrounding them
tissue
4 primary types of tissues
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
epithelial tissue:
Connective tissue:
muscular tissue:
nervous tissue:
skin
blood
muscle
neurons
composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common function
organ
major organs of the body
brain
spinl cord
ling
heart
liver
pancreas
galbladder
kidney
large intestine
urinary bladder
spinal cord
spleen
stomach
kidney
small intestine
• group of organs classified as a unit/system because of a common function or set of functions
• coordinated activity of the organ system is necessary for normal function
organ system
any living thing considered as whole
organism
complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another
Human Organism
etymology “physis”
nature
chemicals in the body CHONPS
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Sulfur
6 Characteristics of life
Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction
(Characteristic of life) specific interrelationships among the individual parts of an organism, and how those parts interact to perform specific functions
Organization
(Characteristic of life) sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism
Metabolism
(Characteristic of life) ability to use energy to perform other vital functions such as growth, movement, and reproduction.
Metabolism
(Characteristic of life) ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment, make adjustments, and help maintain its life
includes both internal and external environment
Responsiveness
(Characteristic of Life) increase in size of all or part of an
organism
can result from an increase in cell
number, cell size, or the amount of
substance surrounding cells
Growth
(Characteristic of Life) changes an organism undergoes through time
starts when the egg is fertilized by the sperm and ends with death
Development
Change in cell structure and function from generalized to specific
Differentiation
formation of new cells or new organisms
without formation of cells, growth and tissue repair are impossible
Reproduction
existence or maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite the fluctuations in either the\ external or internal environment
Homeostasis
etymology: “homeo”
same
etymology “stasis”
standing still; to stop
measures of body properties that may change in value
Variables
Examples of variables
Body temperature
Heart Rate
Blood Pressure
Blood glucose levels
normal values
Temperature
Heart rate
Blood Pressure
Blood Glucose levels
Respiratory Rate
37 C
60-100 bpm
<120 <80
80-126 mEg/L
12-16 bpm
acceptable range of values on which
homeostatic mechanisms can still be
met
Normal Range
Ideal value
Set point
Normally maintain body temperature
near an average normal value or set
point
not precisely at the set point but
around it, producing a normal range of
values
Homeostatic Mechanism
main mechanism used in homeostatic regulation
“to decrease”
any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted
Negative Feedback Mechanism
3 components of Negative feedback mechanism
Receptor
Control Center
Effector
monitors the value of a variable by detecting stimuli
Receptor
determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable
Control Center
can change the value of the variable by the control center
Effector
occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
“to increase”
deviation from the set point becomes
even greater
not homeostatic and is rare in healthy
individuals
can be more harmful than helpful
Positive Feedback Mechanism
massive blood loss
Positive Feedback Mechanism
Contractions during child birth
Positive Feedback mechanism
often there are more than one effector for a particular homeostatic mechanism
true
hallmark of negative feedback
effector stops their response once the variable has returned to its set point
they do not produce an indefinite response
