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A&P1 > Chapter 1: Human Body Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Human Body Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Complementarity of structure and function

A

function reflects structure

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2
Q

Hierarchy of structural organization (6 levels)

A

1) chemical level, 2) cellular level, 3) tissue level, 4) organ level, 5) organ system level, 6) organismal level

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3
Q

chemical level

A

includes atoms, molecules, organelles

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4
Q

cellular level

A

includes cells

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5
Q

tissue level

A

epithelial, muscle, connective, nerve, etc

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6
Q

organ level

A

individual organ and function; organs are made up of different types of tissues; must have at least 2 tissues to be considered an organ; extremely complex functions become possible at this level

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7
Q

organ system level

A

Integumentary, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, musculo-skeletal, digestive, endocrine, urinary; organs work together to accomplish a common purpose

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8
Q

organismal level

A

human (entirety)

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9
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining internal stability, despite environmental changes

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10
Q

gross anatomy (macroscopic)

A

study of structure visible with naked eye

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11
Q

regional anatomy

A

all structures in a region (muscles, bones, nerves, etc.) are examined at the same time (leg, abdomen, etc.)

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12
Q

systemic anatomy

A

system; body structure studied system by system

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13
Q

surface anatomy

A

internal structure as it relates to skin surface

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14
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

deals with structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye; includes cytology and histology

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15
Q

cytology

A

study of cells

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16
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

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17
Q

developmental anatomy

A

study of structural changes throughout the lifespan

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18
Q

embryology

A

study of developmental changes before birth

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19
Q

physiology

A

also at the cellular level

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20
Q

8 necessary life functions

A

1) boundaries, 2) move, 3) respond, 4) digest, 5) metabolism, 6) eliminate wastes, 7) reproduce, 8) grow

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21
Q

5 survival needs

A

food, water, air, temperature, pressure

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22
Q

homeostatic control mechanisms

A

variable (factor being regulated) receptor (sensor of changes), control center (determines set point), effector (output to stimulus) **Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mech.

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23
Q

negative feedback mechanism

A

output shuts off or decreases original stimuli (ex. temp, blood glucose 100; insulin (decreases sugar); blood glucose 90; glucagon (increases sugar)

24
Q

positive feedback mechanism

A

rarely used; cascades out of control (ex. blood clot)

25
Q

anatomical position

A

Mountain pose, palms forward, thumbs out, own R&L

26
Q

body quadrants

A

Right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower

27
Q

5 other cavities

A

1) mouth (oral)/digestive, 2) nasal, 3) orbital, 4) middle ear, 5) synovial (characteristic space between the bones that is filled with synovial fluid)

28
Q

Synovial

A

characteristic space between the bones that is filled with synovial fluid

29
Q

Afferent vs efferent

A

Opposites of each other; afferent (conducting inward), efferent (conveying away)

30
Q

Afferent

A

conducting or conducted inward or toward something (for nerves, the central nervous system; for blood vessels, the organ supplied)

31
Q

Efferent

A

Conveying away from a center, for example the efferent arterioles conveying blood away from the Bowman’s capsule in the kidney. Opposite to afferent

32
Q

Anatomy

A

studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

33
Q

Physiology

A

Concerns the function of the body; how body parts work and carry out life sustaining activities

34
Q

Tissue

A

groups of similar cells that have a common function

35
Q

4 basic tissue types

A

1) epithelium, 2) muscle, 3) connective, and 4) nervous

36
Q

homeostatic imbalance

A

disturbance of homeostasis; disease is an imbalance

37
Q

Superior

A

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above (head is superior to the abdomen)

38
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below (navel is inferior to the chin)

39
Q

Ventral (anterior)

A

toward or at the front of the body; in front of (breastbone is anterior to the spine)

40
Q

Dorsal (posterior)

A

Toward or at the back of the body; behind (heart is posterior to the breastbone)

41
Q

Medial

A

Toward or at the midline o the body; on the inner side of (heart is medial to the arm)

42
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of (arms are lateral to the chest)

43
Q

Intermediate

A

between a more medial and a more lateral structure (collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder)

44
Q

Proximal

A

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (the elbow is proximal to the wrist)

45
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (the knee is distal to the thigh)

46
Q

Superficial (external)

A

toward or at the body surface (skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles)

47
Q

Deep (internal)

A

away from the body surface; (the lungs are deep to the skin

48
Q

Planes

A

most frequently used are frontal, sagittal and transverse

49
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Vertical

50
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

Vertical, offset

51
Q

Frontal plane

A

anterior/posterior

52
Q

Transverse plane

A

horizontal

53
Q

2 divisions of the dorsal body cavity

A

Cranial and vertebral/spinal

54
Q

2 divisions of the ventral body cavity

A

Thoracic (pleural and medistinal) & abdominopelvic (abdominal and pelvic)

55
Q

Serosa

A

Also called the serous membrane; a thin double layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs ** parietal and visceral

56
Q

Parietal serosa

A

part of the serosa membrane that lines the cavity walls (pericardium-heart, pleura-lung, peritoneum-intestine)

57
Q

Visceral serosa

A

part of the serous membrane that covers the organs in the cavity (pericardium-heart, pleura-lung, peritoneum-intestine)

A&P1 (2 decks)

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