Chapter 1: History & Theories Flashcards
Aristotle’s view on learning
Learning is rooted in perceptual experience
Plato’s view on learning
Learning is preprogrammed
John Locke’s view
Human infant is a blank slate
Rousseau’s view
Newborns are endowed with an innate sense of justice and morality
Baby biographies
Detailed, systematic observations of individual children
Subjective and loosely based conclusions
Alfred Binet
Devised first intelligence test
Sigmund Frued
Developed psychodynamic theory which said early experiences explain adult behaviors
Watson’s view
Behaviorism, reward/punishment
Applied developmental science
Uses dev. Research to promote good dev., especially for vulnerable kids and families
Theories
Organized set of ideas to explain or make predictions
Biological theories
Rooted in biology
Maturational theories
Preprogrammed scheme or plan within the body
Ethological theories
Influenced by evolutionary components
Critical period
Time in dev. When specific learning takes place
Imprinting
Creating an emotional bond with the mother
Psychodynamic perspective
Early experiences create patterns that endure throughout life
Psychosocial theory
Erik Erikson
Dev. Consists of a distinct sequence of stages
Operant conditioning
Skinner
Reinforcement = a consequence that INCREASES the likelihood of repeat behavior
Punishment = consequence that DECREASES the likelihood of repeat behavior
Social cognitive theory
Bandura
More likely to imitate rewarding behaviors
Children look to others for info about appropriate behaviors
Cognitive developmental perspective
Piaget
Children naturally try to make sense of their world
Continuity- discontinuity issue
Dev. Is not completely rigid, nor completely flexible
Nature - nurture issue
Understanding the joint contributions of heredity and environment on CD
Active - passive child issue
Children interpret their experiences and influence them vs. children are passive recipients of their environment
Interdependence
Advances in one area affect advances in another
Independence
Advances in one area are unaffected by advances in another
Steps of the scientific method
1) identify question or phenomenon
2) form hypothesis
3) determine method for collecting data
Reliability
Consistency
Validity
Accuracy
Population vs. sample
Pop = all cases or people of interest Sample = subset of pop.
Generalizability
Extent to which we can make inferences about the population from the sample
Meta analysis
Synthesize results of many studies to estimate relations between variables
Ethical responsibilities of participant recruitment
- minimize risk to participants
- obtain informed consent/assent
- avoid deception
- confidentiality
