Chapter 1: History of Pharmacology Flashcards
Acupressure
traditional Chinese medicine’s use of pressure on certain points on the body to promote healing
Acupuncture
traditional Chinese medicine’s use of needles at certain points on the body to promote healing
Al-Hawi
large 20-volume Arabian medial book written by a singe author Al-Razi and having a significant influence on medicine in Medieval Europe
Alternative Medicine
the practice of using natural healing in conjunction with mainstream medicine. Some examples are acupuncture, massage therapy, and aromatherapy
Antineoplastic
drug used to destroy neoplasms
Aromatherapy
use of fragrant oils in baths, as inhalants, or during massage to relieve stress and to treat skin conditions
Bovine
refers to products produced from cow
Curative
having healing or remedial properties
Destructive
causing injury or death
Diagnostic
pertaining to the disease or syndrome a person has or is believed to have
Drug
substance that can change a function in a living being
Ebert Papyrus
preserved medical document listing some 700 recipes to remedy a wide range of illnesses; written in approximately 1550 BC in Egypt
Palliative
relieving or alleviating without curing
Pharmacodynamics
study of drugs and their actions in living organisms
Pharmacology
study of drugs and their origin, nature, properties, and effects on living organisms
Pharmakon
the study of medicine; also means poison or remedy
Porcine
indicates substance is derived from pigs
Prophylactic
pertaining to prevention
Replacement drugs
restoration of something depleted or missing
Synthetic drug
related to or made by synthesis; artificially prepared
Therapeutic touch
the use of hand movements to stimulate circulation and healing.
droog
Dutch word meaning dry, as in dried herbs used for healing; source of the word drug
If people rely on plants for medication, what effect does the increasing human population have on the potential supply of medications?
If we don’t develop land that could be used to grow plants, we could lose our ability to make medications from these plants, which will cause them to become scarce.
Cows and pigs are good sources of hormones. Do you think animals may be a better hormone source than humans> Why or why not?
Humans are the best source, because the drugs made from human sources would be compatible with other humans. In instances of things such as blood products, we only have limited supplies. If there is a way to make safe substitutes using animals, that would be a good alternative. On the other hand, we can’t control what a human ingests or is exposed to as we can with animals.
What are some of the dangers of using toxins as medicine?
The obvious danger would be that use of the toxin could potentially cause the patient to become very ill.
What are some of the ethical issues with the synthesis of drugs?
Are we playing God by creating substances that aren’t naturally occurring in nature? Are we playing God by manipulating genes and altering animal cells? Are we being cruel using animals in the synthesis of drugs?
Identify the following drugs as curative, prophylactic, diagnostic, palliative, destructive, or replacement. Synthroid Diuretic Flu vaccine Radiopaque dye Fever reducer Anticancer drugs
Synthroid–Replacement hormone
Diuretic–Curative, to reduce edema
Flu vaccine–Prophylactic, preventative
Radiopaque dye–Diagnostic
Fever reducer–Palliative, reduces discomfort, but does not cure.
Anticancer drugs–Destructive, destroys cancer cells.
Which of the following is the source of lanolin? A. Animal B. Plant C. Mineral D. Human E. Synthesis
A. Lanolin is derived from sheeps’ wool.
Which of the following is the source of potassium chloride? A. Animal B. Plant C. Mineral D. Human E. Synthesis
C. Pitassium chloride is derived from minerals.
Which of the following is the source of digoxin (Lanoxin)? A. Animal B. Plant C. Mineral D. Human E. Synthesis
B. Digoxin (Lanoxin) is derived from a plant (foxglove).
Which of the following is the source of barbiturates? A. Animal B. Plant C. Mineral D. Human E. Synthesis
E. Barbiturates are made synthetically.
Which of the following is the source of leukocytes? A. Animal B. Plant C. Mineral D. Human E. Synthesis
D. Humans are the source of leukocytes (white blood cells).
During which war did mass production of penicillin begin? A. Civil War B. World War I C. World War II D. Korean War E. Vietnam War
C. World Ware II saw the mass production of penicillin.
Are animals good sources for drugs? Explain your answer.
Animals may be a good source of medication, because their food sources and lifestyle can be better controlled than those of humans. They can also be continuously monitored for disease, but detection is never 100% safe, so they are a good source, but possibly not the best.
What source of drugs is in danger of disappearing?
The rain forest and the rich plant sources are in danger of disappearing because of deforestation.
Muhammed Al-Doost is a devout Muslim. He does not eat pork. Can he have porcine insulin?
He may have porcine insulin, but it would be against his religious beliefs, unless necessary for life. The physician may choose to prescribe synthetic or bovine insulin instead.
Mary Littleton is adamantly against stem cell research and is refusing to use Humulin insulin. What do you think? Can you tell her that she can have this because it does not use stem cell research, or is she correct in her thinking?
Humulin insulin is manufactured using genetic engineering but does not involve the use of stem cells. It is named Humulin because it very closely resembles human insulin.
