Chapter 1: History & Career Opportunities Flashcards
Cosmetology
A term used to encompass a broad range of specialty areas, including hairstyling, nail technology, and esthetics. Also described as appearance enhancement.
Cosmetology
Is the art and science of beautifying and improving the skin, nails, and hair including the study of cosmetics and their application. The term comes from the Greek word kosmetikos, meaning skilled in the use of cosmetics.
Animal sinew or strips of hide were used for?
To tie the hair back or as adornment.
Understanding the history of cosmetology
African civilization had a variety of hairstyles and they were used as a symbol of tribal traditions and conveyed a message of age, marital status, power, and rank.
The Egyptians
In North Africa the Egyptians were the first to cultivate beauty in an extravagant fashion. They used cosmetics as part of their personal beautification habits, religious ceremonies, and preparation of the deceased for burial.
The Egyptians
They were also the first civilization to infuse essential oils from the leaves, bark, and blossoms of plants for use as perfumes and for purification purposes.
Ancient Egyptians
Are also credited with creating kohl markup originally made from a mixture of ground galena ( a black mineral), sulfur, and animal fat, to heavily line the eyes, alleviate eye inflammation, and protect the eyes from the glare of the sun.
The Chinese
Throughout the Zhou Dynasty, also known as Chou Dynasty (circa 1100 BC) , gold and silver were the royal colors.
The Romans
Women used hair color to indicate their class in society. Noblewomen tinted their hair red, middle-class women colored their hair blonde, and poor women dyed their hair black.
The Middle Ages
Around AD 1000, a Persian physician and alchemist named Avicenna refined the process of steam distillation.
The Renaissance
A brow-less forehead was thought to give women a look of greater intelligence.
The Victorian Age
The reign of Queen Victoria of England, between 1837 and 1901.
Victorian women are said to have pinched their cheeks and bitten their lips to induce natural color rather then use cosmetics, such as rouge or lip color
The Twentieth Century
Beauty applications began to follow the trends set by celebrities and society figures.
1901-1910
In 1904, Max Faktor emigrated from Lodz, Poland, to the United States. By 1908, he had Americanized his name to Max Factor and moved to Los Angeles, where he began making and selling makeup.
1901-1910
After World War 1, when women cut their hair into the short bobbed style, the croquignole wrapping technique was introduced.
One of the most notable success stories of the cosmetology industry is that of Sarah Breedlove. She was the daughter of former slaves and was orphaned at age 7 when she went to work I. The cotton fields of the Mississippi delta. In 1906, Sarah married her third husband, C.J. Walker, and became known as Madame C.J. Walker.
1872
Marcel Grateau invented the first curling iron, tongs heated by a gas burner.
1930’s
1931 the preheat-perm method was introduced.
1932 nearly 4000 years after the first recorded nail color craze, Charles Revlon fame marketed the first nail polish, as opposed to a nail stain, using formulas that were borrowed from the automobile paint industry.
Also 1932, Lawrence Gelb, a New York chemist, introduced the first permanent hair color product and founded a company called clairol.
1940’s
1941, scientists developed another method of permanent waving that used waving lotion. Because this perm didn’t use heat, it was also called a cold wave.
Modern versions of cold waves, usually referred to as alkaline perms, are very popular today.
1951-2000
1970’s saw a new era in highlighting when French hairdressers introduced the art of hair weaving using aluminum foil.
1985 hairdresser Farouk Shami, led by his passion for his craft and the environment revolutionized the beauty industry by inventing the worlds first ammonia-free haircolor.
The Twenty-First Century
Since the late 1980’s the salon industry has evolved to include day spas, a name that was first coined by beauty legend Noel DeCaprio.
Distributor sales consultant
The salon industry depends heavily on its relationships with product distributors in order to stay abreast of what is occurring in the marketplace.
