Chapter 1 - History and foundations Flashcards
What is structuralism
Breaking the consciousness into parts
What is functionalism?
An approach that saw behavior as purposeful and contributing to survival
Who wrote Principles of Psychology?
William James
Who coined the term “stream of consciousness?”
William James
Which type of psychology emerged while structuralists and gestalt psychologists continued their arguments (hint: what replaced gestalt psych?)
Functionalism
Psychology is a hub science, meaning it can:
Have many influences on other professions
The mind is:
The brain and its activities
What is Behaviour
is any action that we can observe
What is Voluntarism
An approach that emphasizes the role of will and choice in determining thoughts, perceptions and behaviour
Who is behind voluntarism?
William Wundt
Who expanded the idea of structuralism?
Edward Titchener
What is Gestalt psychology
Studying psychology as a whole?
Which type of psychology is the opposite of Gestalt psychology?
Structuralism
Who founded Gestalt psychology?
Max Wertheimer
What is introspection?
The personal observation of our own thoughts, feelings and behaviours.
Why were early efforts that relied on introspection to study mental processes unsatisfactory?
It is difficult for others to confirm your introspections, therefore the approach does not align with the scientific method.
What is behaviourism?
An approach that features the study and measurement of observable behaviours?
Behaviourism drew heavy inspiration from their observations of animals (and their relation to humans) from:
Darwin
An example of Pavlovian conditioning is:
A dog’s ability to salvitate in response to the arrival of food.
What does pavlovian conditioning help us understand?
The links that we make between environmental cues and our emotions
John B Watson experimented with what animal?
Rats
What approach did John B Watson invent?
Blank state approach
Who proposed the law of effect
Edward throndike
Who, along with Watson, experimented with Rats?
BF Skinner
Who invented the theory of operant conditioning?
BF Skinner
What is operant conditioning?
Describes how behavior can be shaped through reinforcement and punishment.
What is cognitive psychology
The study of information processing, thinking, reasoning and problem solving.
What was the cognitive revolution
Breakthroughs in computer technology allowing cognitive psychologists to use mathematic computer models to study mental processes.
What was cognitive neuroscience?
An approach to psychology that focuses on understanding the links between cognition and brain activity
What are the two major roots of psychology?
Philosophy and natural sciences
Philosophers like aristotle believed that knowledge is gained through what type of experience?
Sensory
It was concluded that participants reacted faster when their thighs were touched compared to their toe because the thigh is close to the brain. Who was the psychologist behind this?
Helmholtz
Who conducted the first experiments in psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who first believed that conscious experience could be scientifically studied?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who viewed reaction time as mental chronometry? (meaning he believed that reaction time provided a measure of the amount of mental processing required to carry out a task)
Wilhelm Wundt
Who founded the first psychology lab in British Commonwealth at UofT
James Mark Baldwin
Who was the first canadian woman to complete her doctoral dissertation on a psychological topic
Emma Sophia Baker
Who invented psychodynamic theory?
Sigmund Freud
Who founded the study of personality in psychology?
Sigmund Freud
Who were the two psychologists that were strong believers in behaviourism?
Freud and James
What is humanistic psychology?
An approach that saw people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve
Who contributed humanistic psychology to the growing psychology movement?
Abraham Maslow
What type of psychology believed that humans were innately good, and only behave badly when corrupted by society?
Humanistic psychology
Who invented client centered therapy
Carl Rogers
What is biological psychology?
The psychological perspective that focuses on the relationships between mind and behaviour, as well as their underlying biological processes, including genetics, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology
What is another term for biological psychology?
Behavioural neuroscience?
What is evolutionary psychology?
Approach that emphasizes inherited, adaptive aspects of behaviour and mental processes.
What is the branch of the biological perspective that investigates how physical structure and behaviour have been shaped by their contributions to survival and reproduction?
Evolutionary pscyhology
What is cognitive psychology?
A psychological perspective that investigates information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
What is developmental psychology?
A psychological perspective that examines the normal changes in behaviour that occur across the life span.
What is personality psychology?
An individual’s characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
What is clinical psychology?
A psychological perspective that seeks to explain, define, and treat abnormal behaviours.
A psychologist studying personality wants to recognize the variations between individuals’ characteristic ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. What type of approach should they take?
Individual differences
Jaime is a psychology student and is most interested in the processes behind memory, sensation and perception, intelligence, and how people use and store information from their environments. One could say that Jaime is most interested in studying what type of psychology?
Cognitive psychology
